Erythranthe lewisii

Erythranthe lewisii
Erythranthe lewisii in Mount Rainier National Park
Secure
Secure  (NatureServe)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Phrymaceae
Genus: Erythranthe
Species:
E. lewisii
Binomial name
Erythranthe lewisii
Synonyms[2]
  • Mimulus lewisii
  • Mimulus roseus

Erythranthe lewisii (Lewis' monkeyflower, great purple monkeyflower) is a perennial plant in the family Phrymaceae. It is named in honor of explorer Meriwether Lewis. Together with other species in Erythranthe, it serves as a model system for studying pollinator-based reproductive isolation. It was formerly known as Mimulus lewisii.[3][4][5][6]

Description

Erythranthe lewisii is a perennial herb, with stem length ranging from 25 to 80 cm and individual leaves ranging from 20 to 70 mm. The vegetative tissue is covered with fine hairs. The flowers are medium in size, set on fairly long (30–70 mm) pedicels, and range in color from pale pink (generally found in the Sierra Nevada populations, sometimes separated as Erythranthe erubescens G.L.Nesom) to dark magenta (more common in the Cascade Range and Rocky Mountains populations), with a central pair of carotenoid-rich yellow nectar guides covered in trichomes on the lower lobe of the corolla.[citation needed] Occasional populations of white-flowered individuals (which do not express anthocyanin pigments in the corolla) are known.[7][8][9]

Taxonomy

Erythranthe lewisii was given it the scientific name Mimulus lewisii in 1813 by Frederick Traugott Pursh. It was moved to the genus Erythranthe in 2012 by Guy L. Nesom and Naomi Fraga. Together with its genus it is classified in the family Phrymaceae. It has no accepted varieties, but it has nine synonyms according to Plants of the World Online.[2]

Table of Synonyms
Name Year Rank Notes
Mimulus lewisii Pursh 1813 species ≡ hom.
Mimulus lewisii var. albus J.K.Henry 1915 variety = het.
Mimulus lewisii f. albus (J.K.Henry) B.Boivin 1966 form = het.
Mimulus lewisii var. exsertus J.M.Coult. & Fisher 1893 variety = het.
Mimulus lewisii f. leuceruthrus E.Hardin 1929 form = het.
Mimulus lewisii var. tetonensis A.Nelson 1902 variety = het.
Mimulus lewisii f. tetonensis (A.Nelson) J.F.Macbr. & Payson 1917 form = het.
Mimulus roseus Douglas ex Lindl. 1833 species = het.
Mimulus roseus var. glabrior Hook. 1838 variety = het.
Notes: ≡ homotypic synonym; = heterotypic synonym

Distribution and habitat

Erythranthe lewisii is native to western North America from Alaska to California to Colorado, where it grows in moist habitat such as stream banks,[10] and is generally found at higher elevations in montane areas.[11]

Pollination

Erythranthe lewisii is pollinated by bees (primarily Bombus and Osmia), which feed off of its nectar and transfer its pollen. Although it is fully interfertile with its sister species, E. cardinalis, the two do not interbreed in the wild, a difference ascribed primarily to pollinator differences (E. cardinalis is pollinated by hummingbirds) in areas of overlap.[12][13][14]

Uses

This plant is cultivated as an ornamental in mild or coastal areas, as it does not tolerate prolonged freezing. In the UK it has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[15] It prefers a very damp soil in full sunlight.

Native Americans ate the leaves of the plant.[16]

References

  1. ^ NatureServe (9 January 2026). "Erythranthe lewisii". NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved 11 January 2026.
  2. ^ a b POWO (2026). "Erythranthe lewisii (Pursh) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 7 January 2026.
  3. ^ Barker, W. L. (Bill); et al. (2012). "A Taxonomic Conspectus of Phyrmaceae: A Narrowed Circumscription for MIMULUS, New and Resurrected Genera, and New Names and Combinations" (PDF). Phytoneuron. 39: 1–60. ISSN 2153-733X.
  4. ^ Beardsley, P. M.; Yen, Alan; Olmstead, R. G. (2003). "AFLP Phylogeny of Mimulus Section Erythranthe and the Evolution of Hummingbird Pollination". Evolution. 57 (6): 1397–1410. doi:10.1554/02-086. JSTOR 3448862. PMID 12894947. S2CID 198154155.
  5. ^ Beardsley, P. M.; Olmstead, R. G. (2002). "Redefining Phrymaceae: the placement of Mimulus, tribe Mimuleae, and Phryma". American Journal of Botany. 89 (7): 1093–1102. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.7.1093. JSTOR 4122195. PMID 21665709.
  6. ^ Beardsley, P. M.; Schoenig, Steve E.; Whittall, Justen B.; Olmstead, Richard G. (2004). "Patterns of Evolution in Western North American Mimulus (Phrymaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 91 (3): 474–4890. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.3.474. JSTOR 4123743. PMID 21653403.
  7. ^ Calphotos: White Mimulus lewisii from Alpine Co., CA
  8. ^ Wildflower Bloom for Columbia & Great Basins of Central and Eastern Oregon 1995-2000: White Mimulus lewisii from eastern Oregon
  9. ^ Liberterre: Evolutions de Mimulus lewisii à Crater Lake dans l'Oregon (in French)
  10. ^ "Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - The University of Texas at Austin". www.wildflower.org. Retrieved 2022-06-18.
  11. ^ "Burke Herbarium Image Collection". biology.burke.washington.edu. Retrieved 2022-06-18.
  12. ^ Schemske, Douglas W.; Bradshaw Jr., H. D. (1999). "Pollinator preference and the evolution of floral traits in monkeyflowers (Mimulus)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 96 (21): 11910–11915. Bibcode:1999PNAS...9611910S. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.21.11910. PMC 18386. PMID 10518550.
  13. ^ Schemske, Douglas W.; Bradshaw Jr., H. D. (2003). "Allele substitution at a flower colour locus produces a pollinator shift in monkeyflowers". Nature. 426 (6963): 176–178. Bibcode:2003Natur.426..176B. doi:10.1038/nature02106. PMID 14614505. S2CID 4350778.
  14. ^ "Errata: On the Relative Importance of Floral Color, Shape, and Nectar Rewards in Attracting Pollinators to Mimulus". The Great Basin Naturalist. 56 (31): 282. 1996. JSTOR 41712949.
  15. ^ "Mimulus lewisii". www.rhs.org. Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  16. ^ Reiner, Ralph E. (1969). Introducing the Flowering Beauty of Glacier National Park and the Majestic High Rockies. Glacier Park, Inc. p. 110.
allikas: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythranthe_lewisii