Bombardment of Belgrade (1914)

Bombardment of Belgrade (1914)
Part of the Serbian campaign (1914) of World War I
German illustration showing Austro-Hungarian river monitors bombarding Belgrade at night.
Shelling of Belgrade in the night of 28 and 29 July 1914 (German illustration, 1914)
Date28–29 July 1914
Location
Belgrade, Kingdom of Serbia
44°49′N 20°28′E / 44.82°N 20.46°E / 44.82; 20.46
Result Opening of hostilities on the Serbian front
Belligerents
Austria-Hungary  Serbia
Commanders and leaders
Austria-Hungary Colonel Emil von Baumgartner
Austria-Hungary Fregattenkapitän Friedrich Grund		 Kingdom of Serbia Major Vojislav Tankosić
Strength
Army:
14th Infantry Brigade
Navy:
Danube Flotilla
3 river monitors (SMS Bodrog, SMS Temes, SMS Szamos)
Artillery at Zemun and Bežanija		 Army:
Elements of the 18th Infantry Regiment
Other:
Chetnik formations
Serbian border guards (≈200 men)
Casualties and losses
Several killed or drowned One reported
Civilian casualties:
Minimal; limited structural damage in Belgrade
[1]

The Bombardment of Belgrade (Serbian Cyrillic: Бомбардовање Београда, German: Der Bombardierung von Belgrad) was an Austro-Hungarian naval and artillery attack on the Serbian capital during the night of 28–29 July 1914, marking the opening engagement of World War I. Carried out by the Austro-Hungarian Danube Flotilla and supporting artillery across the Sava River, it was the first act of hostilities following the declaration of war on Serbia earlier that day.

Shortly after midnight, the river monitor SMS Bodrog fired on the city, joined by SMS Temes and SMS Szamos, in what is widely regarded as the first shot fired in the First World War. News of the bombardment prompted Tsar Nicholas II to order the general mobilisation of the Imperial Russian Army, accelerating the July Crisis into a continental conflict. Within two weeks, the Balkanstreitkräfte launched a full-scale invasion of Serbia, beginning the first land campaign of the war.

Background

Following the Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand on 28 June 1914, the Austrian government, alleging official Serbian involvement, issued an ultimatum which expired on 25 July.[2] Serbia responded within the time limit, but Vienna rejected negotiation, declared the reply unsatisfactory, severed diplomatic relations, and ordered military mobilisation.[3]

Prelude

SMS Bodrog, one of the three monitors that bombarded Belgrade.

Belgrade's position at the confluence of the Danube and Sava rivers, directly opposite Austria-Hungary, made it highly vulnerable to bombardment. In mid-July, the Austro-Hungarian Danube Flotilla, based upstream at Semlin, received orders to prepare for combat operations in support of the army.[4] Additional monitors, gunboats, tugs, and patrol craft were deployed along the Danube to support troop crossings.[5]

On 25 July, a royal proclamation ordered mobilisation of the Serbian Army. The response was rapid and efficient, as Serbia had carried out similar call-ups in recent years. The government relocated to Niš and began evacuating Belgrade.[6] The Serbian Danube Division, responsible for defending Belgrade, had not yet deployed to the city's northern approaches; no heavy artillery or machine guns were available to counter a gunboat attack. The capital was defended only by gendarmes, a Chetnik detachment under Vojislav Tankosić, and a company from the 18th Infantry Regiment.[1]

On the afternoon of 28 July, Austria-Hungary's declaration of war was communicated to the High Command and a telegram sent to the Serbian government in Niš.[7] That evening, Colonel Emil von Baumgartner, commander of the 14th Infantry Brigade, convened a meeting where it was decided that three river monitors would depart shortly after midnight to secure the bridges over the Sava between Semlin and Belgrade.[7]

Bombardment of Belgrade

Shortly after midnight on 28–29 July 1914, three Austro-Hungarian tugs carrying infantry and escorted by a river monitor moved towards Donji Grad, the lower fortress of Belgrade. Serbian irregulars opened fire, forcing the vessels to withdraw upriver towards the railway bridge.[8][1] Anticipating an attempted crossing, a detachment from Tankosić’s Chetnik unit blew up the bridge while the Austro-Hungarian monitors were still manoeuvring.[7]

A few minutes later, two monitors of the Danube Flotilla, SMS Bodrog and SMS Temes, opened fire with their 12-cm guns on Belgrade from positions near the confluence of the Danube and Sava rivers. Contemporary sources record this as the first exchange of fire of the First World War.[1] Modern historians Alexandra Churchill and Nicolai Eberholst note that Bodrog was "credited with firing the first shot of the war, not against enemy troops but into a civilian city", and that the bombardment ceased soon after the monitors came under return fire.[9]

Lacking heavy artillery, the Serbian defenders could not seriously damage the armoured vessels, but exchanged rifle and machine-gun fire from the Belgrade Fortress and Great War Island. The Austro-Hungarians responded with shrapnel and high-explosive shells directed at the fortress, the radio station in Kalemegdan Park, and the neighbourhood of Topčidersko Brdo.[7]

At dawn, Habsburg artillery batteries positioned in Bežanija and Zemun joined in, firing Krupp howitzers and Škoda 305 mm Model 1911 mortars across the Sava.[10] Shells struck several civilian buildings, including a school, banks, and hotels. Although the attack caused relatively light damage and casualties, it continued intermittently over the next eight days, hitting churches, hospitals, and museums in violation of the Hague Convention provisions protecting cultural and medical sites.[1]

Casualties

Damage near the Hotel Moskva

Reported Serbian casualties included Dušan Đonović, a student and member of Jovan Babunski’s Chetnik detachment. On the Austro-Hungarian side, Karl Eberling, captain of the lead tug, and his helmsman Mikhail Gemsberger were killed when their vessel ran aground; several soldiers attempting to swim ashore drowned.[1]

Aftermath

On 29 July, the Russian government informed Berlin that it had mobilised four military districts; the following day, general mobilisation was ordered. On 31 July, a "state of imminent war" was declared in the German Empire, setting in motion the broader mobilisation and counter-mobilisation that led to continental war. Shelling of Serbian border towns and cities continued until mid-August. On 12 August, the Habsburg 5th Army, supported by the 2nd Army, crossed the Drina River from Bosnia, beginning the first Austro-Hungarian invasion of Serbia.[10]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Lyon, James (2015). Serbia and the Balkan Front, 1914: The Outbreak of the Great War. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 95–96. ISBN 978-1-4725-8003-0.
  2. ^ Gordon Martel, The Origins of the First World War, Pearson Longman, Harlow, 2003, p. xii.
  3. ^ Tunstall, Graydon A. (2021). The Austro-Hungarian Army and the First World War. Armies of the Great War. Cambridge University Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-1-00-904391-5.
  4. ^ Halpern, Paul G. (2012). A Naval History of World War I. Naval Institute Press. p. 381. ISBN 978-1-61251-172-6.
  5. ^ Sondhaus, Lawrence (1994). The Naval Policy of Austria-Hungary, 1867–1918: Navalism, Industrial Development, and the Politics of Dualism. Purdue University Press. p. 246. ISBN 978-1-55753-034-9.
  6. ^ Mitrović, Andrej (2007). Serbia's Great War, 1914–1918. Purdue University Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-1-55753-476-7.
  7. ^ a b c d Rauchensteiner, Manfried (2014). The First World War and the End of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1914–1918. Böhlau. pp. 142–143. ISBN 978-3-205-79370-0.
  8. ^ Churchill, M.R. (2016). The Story of the Great War, Volume 2. VM eBooks. p. 278.
  9. ^ Churchill, Alexandra; Eberholst, Nicolai (2025-08-05). Ring of Fire: A New History of the World at War: 1914. Simon and Schuster. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-63936-928-7.
  10. ^ a b Marble, Sanders (2016). King of Battle: Artillery in World War I. Brill. pp. 231–232. ISBN 978-90-04-30728-5.
allikas: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment_of_Belgrade_(1914)