Black conservatism in the United States

Black conservatism in the United States is a political and social movement rooted in African-American communities that aligns largely with the American conservative movement and is part of black conservatism around the world. [1] It is often associated with the Christian right (per 2007 data).[2] Black conservatism emphasizes social conservatism, traditionalism, patriotism, capitalism, and free markets.[not verified in body]

During the Reconstruction era, many black voters supported the Republican Party, at that time a radical rather than conservative party.[3][4] Booker T. Washington had a more conservative approach to politics in the United States while W. E. B. DuBois called for more radical change.[5] Some African Americans supported Democrat Woodrow Wilson's first presidential campaign and felt betrayed by his policies once in office.[6] Under Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration, during his first two terms, civil rights legislation was not passed; however, New Deal programs led to the black vote becoming more split.[7] In 1960, the Kennedy-Johnson campaign promoted civil rights as a central issue and during their administration, they passed anti-discrimination legislation, gaining the black vote. Since then, the Democratic Party has held a majority of the black votes in America.[8] Pew Research Center polling has found that the majority of African-Americans who identify as Democratic declined in the 2010s, from 75% during Barack Obama's presidency to 67% in 2020. A 2017 sample size of 10,245 voters concluded that just 8% of African-Americans identify as Republican.[9]

Influential black Republicans in the early 21st century who have held public office include U.S. Senator Tim Scott,[10] U.S. Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas,[11] Virginia Lt. Gov. Winsome Sears,[12] and Cabinet secretaries Ben Carson,[13] Condoleezza Rice,[14] and Colin Powell.[15] Political commentators Candace Owens, Thomas Sowell, Shelby Steele, Armstrong Williams, Larry Elder, Walter Williams, and Jason L. Riley are influential figures in black conservatism.

Beliefs

One of the main characteristics of black conservatism is its emphasis on personal choice and responsibilities above socioeconomic status and institutional racism.[16][17] Black conservatives typically support do-for-self, self reliance, and personal responsibility. Black conservatives tend to be self-critical of aspects of African-American culture that they believe have created poverty and dependency.[18] John McWhorter's 2000 book Losing the Race: Self-Sabotage in Black America and Bill Cosby's 2004 "Pound Cake speech" exemplified this critique, though their authors did not strictly come from the Black conservative movement.[citation needed]

In his book, The Content of Our Character, Shelby Steele offers an interpretation of the color-blind society ideology and why people should accept it. He claims that during slavery, black individuals were forced to cling to their black identities in order to build community and have since mistakenly clung to that same rhetoric under the impression that it is still the most valuable tool to excel.[19] He argues that this is dangerous because it frames black individuals as victims and "pulls [blacks] into war-like defensiveness at a time where [sic] there is more opportunity for development than ever before."[19] The idea was that if black individuals ceased to see themselves as victims of oppressive forces, then they could be seen as equals to their white counterparts. According to Steele, who grew up in a segregated society and experienced considerable racism, but who nevertheless criticized certain later policies as associating blackness with permanent inferiority: "I believe that freedom of the individual — as opposed to good works or "social justice" — is by far the highest goal any society can strive for. ... I became conservative when I realized that the era of protest was over. We blacks won everything we could win through protest — but it was an idea of what others must do for us, of how others must be moral and tolerant. Conservatism is the road ahead because it is an idea of what we can do for ourselves."[20]

A 2007 Pew Research Center survey showed that 19% of Black Americans identified as Religious Right.[2] In 2004, though, the Pew Research Center indicated only 7% of Black Americans identified as Republican.[21]

A National Election Pool poll showed that support for California Proposition 8 (2008) (a state constitutional amendment defining marriage as an opposite-sex union) was strong among African-American voters; 70% of those interviewed in the exit poll—a higher percentage than any other racial group—stated that they voted in favor of Proposition 8.[22] Polls by both the Associated Press and CNN mirrored this data, reporting support among Black voters to be at 70%[23] and 75%,[24] respectively. African-American support was considered crucial to the Proposition's passage because African Americans made up an unusually large percentage of voters in 2008; the presence of African-American presidential candidate Barack Obama on the ballot was believed to have increased African-American voter turnout.[25]

History

Booker T. Washington

From Reconstruction up until the New Deal, the black population tended to vote Republican.[26] During that period, the Republican Party—particularly in the Southern United States—was seen as more racially progressive than the Democratic Party, primarily because of the role of the Southern wing of the Democratic Party as the party of racial segregation and the Republican Party's roots in the abolitionist movement (see Dixiecrats).[citation needed]

As the Republican party became more conservative, its association with African-American voters declined.[27] Republican leader Herbert Hoover fired loyal African-Americans from positions within the Republican Party, in order to increase his appeal to Southern white voters.[28] This can be considered an early example of a set of Republican Party methods that were later termed the Southern Strategy.[29][better source needed][30]

Blacks started to shift in significant numbers to the Democrats with the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt,[31][27] who received 70% of the African-American vote.[32] Among Truman Administration officials, the publication of Henry Lee Moon's Balance of Power spurred Democratic partisan support for African-American constituencies.[33] Dwight D. Eisenhower was able to win back some African-American voters for the Republican party, receiving 40% of the black vote.[32] John F. Kennedy's rebranding of the Democrats in 1960, including his embrace of civil rights, cemented the popularity of the party with African-Americans.

While in 1960, a third of African-Americans still supported the Republicans, the Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign, which signalled the party's turn to conservatism, was based on a rejection of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and led to rapid departure of most of the remaining third.[27] "The 1964 election marked a watershed for African Americans and the GOP, with black Republican support now falling to around 10%."[27]

According to NPR’s Code Switch, Black conservatism as a movement emerged in the 1970s as a response to this: "Through an influential network of African-American conservative scholars and experts that emerged in the late 1970s, the Republicans sought to educate middle and upper blacks about the benefits of free-market socioeconomic policies... [The] African-American community perceived the new wave of black political conservatism not as an organic ideology that appeared at the grassroots level, but as a model imposed from above of the desired interracial relations in the country, from the point of view of white Americans."[27]


1990s-2020s

Tim Scott
Condoleezza Rice
Colin Powell
Alphonso Jackson
Rod Paige
Clarence Thomas
Mia Love
Allen West
Herman Cain
Ben Carson

Alan Keyes became the first African-American candidate to run in the Republican presidential primaries in 1996, but he did not win any state's primary or caucus. Keyes ran for president again in 2000[34] and in 2008.

Condoleezza Rice and General Colin Powell were two prominent politicians of the Republican Party in the 1990s-2000s, serving as the highest-ranking members of the federal Executive Branch and becoming the first African-American Secretaries of State. In his 1996 retirement speech before the Republican National Convention, Colin Powell stated that, "My sister and I were taught to believe in ourselves. We might be considered poor, but we were rich in spirit. ... We were taught by my parents to always, always, always believe in America. Ineffective government, excessive government, wasteful government, that is the kind of government that we Republicans intend to defeat. The Republican Party ... must always be the party of inclusion. The Hispanic immigrant who became a citizen yesterday must be as precious to us as a Mayflower descendant; the descendant of a slave or of a struggling miner in Appalachia must be as welcome — and must find as much appeal — in our party as in any other party or any other American might. It is our diversity that has made us strong. ... I have been asked many times why I became a Republican. I became a Republican because like you, I believe our party best represents the principles of freedom, opportunity, and limited government upon which our nation was founded. ... These are the things that remain constant. These are the things that unite us. There are other eternal truths, other eternal constants in our lives. A country that exists by the grace of a divine providence. A divine providence that gave us this land, told us to be good stewards of it and to be good stewards of each other. A land that God has truly, truly blessed and that we are proud to call America."[35]

Some elected black conservatives in this period include Florida representative Allen West, U.S. Senator Tim Scott of South Carolina, former Oklahoma representative J.C. Watts, and former Connecticut representative Gary Franks.[citation needed] Other notable black conservatives include economist Thomas Sowell, and Supreme Court justice Clarence Thomas. In 2009, Michael Steele became the first black man to chair the Republican National Committee.

In 2011, Herman Cain, a "Tea Party" Republican staged a run for the presidency in 2012. He received a brief surge of attention and popularity but withdrew before any primaries were held.[36]

Neurosurgeon Ben Carson ran for the Republican nomination in the 2016 election, launching his campaign in his hometown Detroit in May 2015. He polled well for a time in late 2015, but withdrew after the first Super Tuesday.[37] Carson received 857,039 votes during the Republican primaries; this total represented 2.75% of the votes cast. He was supported by seven delegates at the Republican National Convention.[38] After Donald Trump won the 2016 Presidential election, Carson was offered the role of United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, which he at first rejected but ultimately accepted.[39][unreliable source?]

Kanye West, African-American rapper, songwriter and ex-husband of fellow celebrity Kim Kardashian, has on several occasions publicly expressed support for President Trump,[40] stating once that had he voted he would have voted for Trump in the election;[41] he also expressed his approval of millennial conservative commentator Candace Owens.[42] West stated his intention to run for president at the 2020 presidential election; under the Birthday Party banner, his name appeared on the ballot in 12 states and won 60,000 votes. He subsequently conceded defeat, but tweeted "Kanye 2024", signalling a potential run at the 2024 presidential election.[43][44]

Glenn Loury at Brown University and John McWhorter at Columbia University are two African-Americans who frequently broadcast[clarification needed] analyses on the web about current events related to racism. Loury is a conservative who supported Ronald Reagan and implied[clarification needed] that he would vote for Trump in 2020, while McWhorter describes himself as a centrist.[citation needed] Both question the concept of institutional racism, which McWhorter calls a religion, and believe that African American leaders should embrace personal responsibility to a greater extent than they do currently.[45] In addition there are a number of voices in the arena of political talks shows, and guest analysts such as Carol Swain, professor of political science from Vanderbilt University with multiple appearances on CNN, Fox News, PBS, C-SPAN, and ABC Headline News.[citation needed]

Herschel Walker lost the 2022 United States Senate election in Georgia, Daniel Cameron lost the 2023 Kentucky gubernatorial election, Mark Robinson lost the 2024 North Carolina gubernatorial election and Winsome Earle-Sears lost in the 2025 Virginia gubernatorial election.

African-American conservative politicians

See also: List of African-American Republicans

This is a list of African-American conservative politicians.

Alabama

Alaska

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware

District of Columbia

Florida

Georgia

Hawaii

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oklahoma

Oregon

Pennsylvania

South Carolina

South Dakota

Tennessee

Texas

U.S. Virgin Islands

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

Other people

United States judges

Clarence Thomas, Associate Supreme Court Justice

TV personalities, authors and journalists

Candace Owens

Military

Columnists

Athletes

Entertainers

Education and business

Civil rights, pastors and activists

Organizations

See also

References

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  304. ^ Huntley, Horace (June 15, 1993). "Project 21 is Founded". African American Registry. Retrieved 4 February 2025.
  305. ^ Ingram, Carl (March 24, 2003). "Bill Offers Test Run for School Choice". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 4 February 2025.
  306. ^ Coleman, Jamiya (October 16, 2025). "BLEXIT tour discussing 'conservative values' at HBCUs set to make a stop at Florida A&M University". WCTV. Retrieved 4 February 2025.

Further reading and listening


allikas: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Republicanism_in_the_United_States