Dzubukuá language
| Dzubukuá | |
|---|---|
| Kariri, Kariri-Xocó | |
.jpg) | |
| Native to | Brazil |
| Region | Cabrobó, Pernambuco |
| Ethnicity | Kariri-Xocó |
| Era | attested 1702 and 1709 |
| Revival | 1989[1][2] |
Karirian
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | kzw [3] |
| Glottolog | dzub1241 Dzubukuákari1255 Karirí-Xocó |
Dzubukuá (or Kariri), referred to by the community as Kariri-Xocó,[3] is an extinct Karirian language of Brazil. Since 1989, there is a process of linguistic revitalization underway; the Tingui-Botó people claim to use Dzubukuá, their ancestral language, in their secret Ouricuri ritual.[4]
It was spoken on the São Francisco River islands, in the Cabrobó area of Pernambuco.[5]
Documentation
There are only two known primary sources containing the Dzubukuá language. One is a manuscript dated 1702,[a] and the other is a 1709 catechism,[b] both by the French Capuchin missionary Bernardo de Nantes.[6] In the preface of the catechism, Nantes attests to the distinction between the way the Dzubukuá and Kipeá speak ("one language is as different from the other as Portuguese is from Castilian").[7]
There is no report of the possible survival of Dzubukuá grammar and dictionary manuscripts.[8]
Phonology
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Occlusive | voiceless | p | t | k | ||
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | |||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | |||
| Flap | ɾ | |||||
| Fricative | h | |||||
| Affricate | voiceless | ts | ||||
| voiced | dz | |||||
| Lateral | l | |||||
| Glide | (w) | (j) | ||||
- Nikulin differs from Queiroz regarding the interpretation of the digraphs ⟨oe⟩ and ⟨dh⟩, which he says represent /ə/ and /ð/, respectively. Accordingly, he records "fire" as "isu" in Kipeá, but as "iðu" in Dzubukuá.[11]
- In 2012, Queiroz revised his 2008 description and changed his position regarding the existence of glides in Dzubukuá. Thus, ⟨j⟩ and ⟨y⟩, which he had considered indicators of /j/, and ⟨w⟩ and ⟨v⟩, which he had considered indicators of /w/, came to be reinterpreted as the high vowels /i/ and /u/.[12]
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | ɨ | u | |
| Mid | unrounded | e | ||
| rounded | œ | o | ||
| Low | a | |||
- /a/ has the allophones [a], [ɐ̰], and [ã].[15]
- /e/ has the allophones [e], [ḛ], [eː], and [ẽ].[16]
- /œ/ has the allophones [œ], [æ], [œ̰].[16]
- /i/ has the allophones [i] and [ḭ].[16]
- /u/ has the allophones [u], [ṵ], and [uː].[16]
- /o/ has the allophones [o], [o̰], [oː], and [o̰ː].[16]
Sample text
Below, the Lord's Prayer in Dzubukuá, according to Bernardo de Nantes in his 1709 catechism:[17]
Kupadzua nhinho dibbali mo arãquè, donetsoa onadce, dohanaclèa andzenne, duca adôo dseho wohôye donanhe hidommodè bo imwj Iaccedde do anunhiu; do Innea búye do amuiquede mo radda, mono Innea bûye do amuiquede mo hémwj. doddi enna hyammittedè moenaham, docabbi enna hidôodè mo hibuangatedè anhiëj, mono wo hicabbidè do dibuangali hiëiddè dopecrodce Iadcedde ho Ihencoddhete nienwo, donunhie Iadcedde bo Ibulète bammodi Bopadzu nhinho.
Notes and references
Notes
References
- ^ "Language Acts". languageacts.org. Retrieved 2025-03-06.
- ^ Durazzo, Leandro (2022-05-16). "Revitalização de Línguas Indígenas por Meio de Documentos Coloniais Digitalizados: Comentário Sobre a Retomada do Idioma Dzubukuá pelo Povo Tuxá da Bahia, Brasil". Diffractions (in Portuguese) (5): 6–25 Páginas. doi:10.34632/DIFFRACTIONS.2022.10224.
- ^ a b Nelson, Diane; Kariri-Xocó, Nhenety; Kariri-Xocó, Idiane; Pitman, Thea (2023-03-01). ""We Most Certainly Do Have a Language"". Environmental Humanities. 15 (1): 187–207. doi:10.1215/22011919-10216239. ISSN 2201-1919.
- ^ "Tingui Botó - Povos Indígenas no Brasil". pib.socioambiental.org. Retrieved 2025-03-05.
- ^ Queiroz 2008, p. 39.
- ^ Queiroz 2012, p. 54.
- ^ Queiroz 2012, pp. 54–55.
- ^ Rodrigues 2005, p. 35.
- ^ Queiroz 2008, p. 45.
- ^ Queiroz 2012, p. 64.
- ^ Nikulin 2020, p. 76.
- ^ Queiroz 2012, p. 100.
- ^ Queiroz 2008, p. 48.
- ^ Queiroz 2012, p. 66.
- ^ Queiroz 2012, pp. 74–75.
- ^ a b c d e Queiroz 2012, p. 75.
- ^ Nantes 1709, pp. 58–59.
Bibliography
- Adam, Lucien (1897). Matériaux pour servir à l'établissement d'une grammaire comparée des dialectes de la famille Kariri [Materials to serve for the establishment of a comparative grammar of the dialects of the Kariri family] (in French). Paris: Maisonneuve. Archived from the original on 21 May 2025.
- Nantes, Bernardo de (1709). Deslandes, Valentim da Costa (ed.). Katecismo indico da lingua kariris [Indian catechism of the Kariri language] (in Portuguese). Lisbon. Archived from the original on 29 April 2025.
- Nikulin, Andrey (2020). Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo [Proto-Macro-Jê: a reconstructive study] (in Portuguese). Brasília: Universidade de Brasília. Archived from the original on 10 September 2025.
- Queiroz, José Márcio Correia de (2008). Aspectos da fonologia Dzubukuá [Aspects of Dzubukuá phonology] (in Portuguese). Recife: Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Archived from the original on 28 March 2020.
- Queiroz, José Márcio Correia de (2012). Um estudo gramatical da língua Dzubukuá, família Karirí [A grammatical study of the Dzubukuá language, Karirí family] (in Portuguese). João Pessoa: Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Archived from the original on 13 November 2024.
- Rodrigues, Aryon Dall'Igna (2005). "Sobre as línguas indígenas e sua pesquisa no Brasil" [On the Indigenous languages and their research in Brazil]. Ciência e Cultura (in Portuguese). 57 (2). Archived from the original on 17 July 2025.
External links
Media related to Dzubukuá language at Wikimedia Commons
