Military ranks of the Republic of China (1912–1949)

The military ranks of the Republic of China (1912–1949) were the military insignia used by the Beiyang Army, National Revolutionary Army, Republic of China Navy, and Republic of China Air Force. The ranks were introduced following the abdication of the Xuantong Emperor and continued to be used by the Republic of China Armed Forces, following the retreat to Taiwan.

Army ranks

Commissioned officer ranks

The rank insignia of commissioned officers.

Rank group	General / flag officers					Senior officers			Junior officers
1912–1928^[1]
1912–1928^[1]			一等一级 Yīděng yījí	一等二级 Yīděng èrjí	一等三级 Yīděng sānjí	二等一级 Èrděng yījí	二等二级 Èīděng èrjí	二等三级 Èīděng sānjí	三等一级 Sānděng yījí	三等二级 Sānděng èrjí	三等三级 Sānděng sānjí	等外军官 Děng wài jūnguān
1929^[2]^[3]
1929^[2]^[3]			上將 Shàngjiàng	中將 Zhōngjiàng	少將 Shàojiàng	上校 Shàngxiào	中校 Zhōngxiào	少校 Shàoxiào	上尉 Shàngwèi	中尉 Zhōngwèi	少尉 Shàowèi
1929–1936^[3]^[4]
1929–1936^[3]^[4]			上將 Shàngjiàng	中將 Zhōngjiàng	少將 Shàojiàng	上校 Shàngxiào	中校 Zhōngxiào	少校 Shàoxiào	上尉 Shàngwèi	中尉 Zhōngwèi	少尉 Shàowèi	准尉 Zhǔnwèi
1936–1946^[5]
1936–1946^[5]	特級上將 Tèjí shàngjiàng	一級上將 Yījí shàngjiàng	二級上將 Èrjí shàngjiàng	中將 Zhōngjiàng	少將 Shàojiàng	上校 Shàngxiào	中校 Zhōngxiào	少校 Shàoxiào	上尉 Shàngwèi	中尉 Zhōngwèi	少尉 Shàowèi	准尉 Zhǔnwèi
1946–1949^[6]
1946–1949^[6]	特級上將 Tèjí shàngjiàng	一級上將 Yījí shàngjiàng	二級上將 Èrjí shàngjiàng	中將 Zhōngjiàng	少將 Shàojiàng	上校 Shàngxiào	中校 Zhōngxiào	少校 Shàoxiào	上尉 Shàngwèi	中尉 Zhōngwèi	少尉 Shàowèi
Rank group	General / flag officers					Senior officers			Junior officers

Other ranks

The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.

Rank group	Non-commissioned officers			Enlisted
1912–1928^[1]^[7]
1929–1930^[8]
1930–1947^[9]
1947–1949^[10]
	上士 Shàngshì	中士 Zhōngshì	下士 Xiàshì	上等兵 Shàngděng bīng	一等兵 Yīděng bīng	二等兵 Èrděng bīng
Rank group	Non-commissioned officers			Enlisted

Navy ranks

Commissioned officer ranks

The rank insignia of commissioned officers.

Rank group	General / flag officers					Senior officers			Junior officers
1912–1928^[11]
1912–1928^[11]		一等一级 Yīděng yījí	一等二级 Yīděng èrjí	一等三级 Yīděng sānjí		二等一级 Èrděng yījí	二等二级 Èīděng èrjí	二等三级 Èīděng sānjí	三等一级 Sānděng yījí	三等二级 Sānděng èrjí	三等三级 Sānděng sānjí
1928–1946^[12]
1928–1946^[12]	一級上將 Yījí shàngjiàng	二級上將 Èrjí shàngjiàng	中將 Zhōngjiàng	少將 Shàojiàng	代將 Dàijiàng	上校 Shàngxiào	中校 Zhōngxiào	少校 Shàoxiào	上尉 Shàngwèi	中尉 Zhōngwèi	少尉 Shàowèi
1946–1949^[13]
1946–1949^[13]	一級上將 Yījí shàngjiàng	二級上將 Èrjí shàngjiàng	中將 Zhōngjiàng	少將 Shàojiàng	代將 Dàijiàng	上校 Shàngxiào	中校 Zhōngxiào	少校 Shàoxiào	上尉 Shàngwèi	中尉 Zhōngwèi	少尉 Shàowèi
Rank group	General / flag officers					Senior officers			Junior officers

Other ranks

The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.

Rank group	Non-commissioned officers			Enlisted
1912–1928^[11]
1912–1928^[11]
1921–1949^[14]
1921–1949^[14]	上士 Shàngshì	中士 Zhōngshì	下士 Xiàshì	一等兵 Yīděng bīng	二等兵 Èrděng bīng	三等兵 Sānděng bīng	一等練兵 Yīděng liànbīng	二等練兵 Èrděng liànbīng
Rank group	Non-commissioned officers			Enlisted

Air force ranks

Commissioned officer ranks

The rank insignia of commissioned officers.

Rank group	General / flag officers			Senior officers			Junior officers
Rank	上將 Shàngjiàng	中將 Zhōngjiàng	少將 Shàojiàng	上校 Shàngxiào	中校 Zhōngxiào	少校 Shàoxiào	上尉 Shàngwèi	中尉 Zhōngwèi	少尉 Shàowèi	准尉 Zhǔnwèi
1936–1939^[15]
1939–1946^[15]
1946–1949^[16]
Rank group	General / flag officers			Senior officers			Junior officers

Other ranks

The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.

Rank group	Non-commissioned officers						Enlisted
1934–1938^[17]
1934–1938^[17]				上士 Shàngshì	中士 Zhōngshì	下士 Xiàshì	上等兵 Shàngděng bīng	一等兵 Yīděng bīng	二等兵 Èrděng bīng
1938–1944^[18]
1938–1944^[18]			軍士長 Jūnshìzhǎng	上士 Shàngshì	中士 Zhōngshì	下士 Xiàshì	上等兵 Shàngděng bīng	一等兵 Yīděng bīng	二等兵 Èrděng bīng
1944–1948^[19]
1944–1948^[19]
1948–1949^[20]
1948–1949^[20]	一等軍士長 Yīděng jūnshìzhǎng	二等軍士長 Èrděng jūnshìzhǎng	三等軍士長 Sànděng jūnshìzhǎng	上士 Shàngshì	中士 Zhōngshì	下士 Xiàshì	上等兵 Shàngděng bīng	一等兵 Yīděng bīng	二等兵 Èrděng bīng
Rank group	Non-commissioned officers						Enlisted

References

^ ^a ^b Ping 2009, p. 43.
^ Ping 2009, p. 55.
^ ^a ^b Wu 2018, p. 154.
^ Ping 2009, p. 59.
^ Ping 2009, p. 65.
^ Ping 2009, p. 72.
^ "陸軍服制" [Army Uniform]. Government Gazette (in Chinese). 1912.
^ Wu 2022, p. 9.
^ Wu 2022, p. 14.
^ Wu 2022, p. 19.
^ ^a ^b Ping 2009, p. 51.
^ Ping 2009, pp. 80–84.
^ Ping 2009, pp. 89–90.
^ Wu 2022, p. 59.
^ ^a ^b Ping 2009, p. 93.
^ Wu 2022, p. 102, 105.
^ Wu 2022, p. 95.
^ Wu 2022, p. 98.
^ Wu 2022, p. 99.
^ Wu 2022, p. 106.

Sources

Ping, Xu, ed. (2009). Zhōngguó bǎinián jūnfú (zēngbǔ bǎn) 中国百年军服 (增补版) [China Regimental 100 Years] (2nd ed.). Gold Wall Press. ISBN 978-7-80084-679-3. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
Wu, Shang Rong (2018). 100 Years of the Chinese Military Uniform (in Chinese). King Kong Publishing. ISBN 978-986-97216-1-5. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
Wu, Shang Rong (10 August 2022). Guānghuī Jìyì: Guójūn Guāngróng Gémìng Zhànjì 光輝記憶：國軍光榮革命戰記 [Radiant Memories: The National Army's Glorious Revolutionary War Chronicles]. Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.: Military Style Multimedia Studio. ISBN 978-986-98307-4-4. Retrieved 10 January 2025.

External links

"Republic of China (1928-1949)". uniforminsignia.org. The International Encyclopedia of Uniform Insignia. Retrieved 7 October 2023.

[rdp-we-cite_note-FOOTNOTEPing200943-1] Ping 2009, p. 43.

[rdp-we-cite_note-FOOTNOTEPing200955-2] Ping 2009, p. 55.

[rdp-we-cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu2018154-3] Wu 2018, p. 154.

[rdp-we-cite_note-FOOTNOTEPing200959-4] Ping 2009, p. 59.

[rdp-we-cite_note-FOOTNOTEPing200965-5] Ping 2009, p. 65.

[rdp-we-cite_note-FOOTNOTEPing200972-6] Ping 2009, p. 72.

[rdp-we-cite_note-ranks-7] "陸軍服制" [Army Uniform]. Government Gazette (in Chinese). 1912.

[rdp-we-cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu20229-8] Wu 2022, p. 9.

[rdp-we-cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu202214-9] Wu 2022, p. 14.

[rdp-we-cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu202219-10] Wu 2022, p. 19.

[rdp-we-cite_note-FOOTNOTEPing200951-11] Ping 2009, p. 51.

[rdp-we-cite_note-FOOTNOTEPing200980–84-12] Ping 2009, pp. 80–84.

[rdp-we-cite_note-FOOTNOTEPing200989–90-13] Ping 2009, pp. 89–90.

[rdp-we-cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu202259-14] Wu 2022, p. 59.

[rdp-we-cite_note-FOOTNOTEPing200993-15] Ping 2009, p. 93.

[rdp-we-cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu2022102,_105-16] Wu 2022, p. 102, 105.

[rdp-we-cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu202295-17] Wu 2022, p. 95.

[rdp-we-cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu202298-18] Wu 2022, p. 98.

[rdp-we-cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu202299-19] Wu 2022, p. 99.

[rdp-we-cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu2022106-20] Wu 2022, p. 106.

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Military ranks of the Republic of China (1912–1949)

Army ranks

Commissioned officer ranks

Other ranks

Navy ranks

Commissioned officer ranks

Other ranks

Air force ranks

Commissioned officer ranks

Other ranks

See also

References

Sources

External links

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