Socialist Party (Portugal)

Not to be confused with Portuguese Socialist Party.

Socialist Party
Partido Socialista
AbbreviationPS
PresidentCarlos César
Secretary-GeneralJosé Luís Carneiro
FounderMário Soares
Founded19 April 1973; 52 years ago (1973-04-19)
Legalised1 February 1975; 51 years ago (1975-02-01)[1]
Preceded byAcção Socialista Portuguesa
HeadquartersLargo do Rato 2, 1269–143 Lisbon
NewspaperAcção Socialista
Student wingEstudantes Socialistas
Youth wingSocialist Youth
Women's wingNational Department of the Socialist Women
Membership (2025)93 943[2]
IdeologySocial democracy
Political positionCentre-left
National affiliationRepublican and Socialist Front (1980–1982)
Regional affiliationPSOM (historical)
European affiliationParty of European Socialists
European Parliament groupProgressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats
International affiliation
Trade union affiliationGeneral Union of Workers
Colours
  •   Red (official)
  •   Pink (customary)
Anthem"A Internacional"
('The Internationale')[3]
Assembly of the Republic
58 / 230
European Parliament
8 / 21
Regional Parliaments
31 / 104
Local government
(Mayors)
127 / 308
Local government
(Parishes)[4]
1,190 / 3,216
Election symbol
Party flag
Flag of the Socialist Party
Website
ps.pt

The Socialist Party (Portuguese: Partido Socialista [pɐɾˈtiðu susiɐˈliʃtɐ], PS) is a social democratic[5][6] political party in Portugal. It was founded on 19 April 1973 in the German city of Bad Münstereifel by militants who were at the time with the Portuguese Socialist Action (Portuguese: Acção Socialista Portuguesa). The PS is a member of the Socialist International, Progressive Alliance and Party of European Socialists, and has eight members in the European Parliament within the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats group during the 10th European Parliament.

The party won the 1976 general election and formed the first constitutional government after the 1974 revolution, with Mário Soares as prime minister. However, the government was unstable and fell in 1978. The PS lost the 1979 election, but returned to power in 1983, forming, with the Social Democratic Party, a Central Bloc coalition. It lasted two years and in 1985, the party was defeated and went back to opposition, remaining there for 10 years and losing the two following general elections. Under António Guterres, the party won the 1995 general election and returned to power, lasting until 2002, upon the resignation of Guterres. The party made a comeback and won a historic absolute majority in the 2005 general election under the leadership of José Sócrates. By 2011, the economic crisis led the party to lose the 2011 snap election and the party returned to the opposition. Despite losing the 2015 election, the party formed an agreement with the Left Bloc and the Unitary Democratic Coalition and managed to appoint António Costa as Prime Minister. Costa remained in office for 9 years, until 2024, and during his term won two elections, the last one, in 2022, with an absolute majority. After Costa's resignation, the party narrowly lost the 2024 election, thus, returning to opposition. The party again lost the 2025 election by a larger margin and even fell to third place in Parliament for first time since the 1974 revolution.

A party of the centre-left,[7][8] the PS is one of the three major parties in Portuguese politics; its rivals being the Social Democratic Party (PSD), a centre-right, conservative party, and Chega (CH), a far-right, populist party. Elected in June 2025, the incumbent party leader is José Luís Carneiro.

History

Portuguese Socialist Action (1964–1973)

The Portuguese Socialist Action (ASP) was founded in November 1964, in Geneva, Switzerland, by Mário Soares, Manuel Tito de Morais and Francisco Ramos da Costa. The ASP was founded in exile by several Socialist members as political organizations during Salazar's Estado Novo regime were forbidden. In 1964, Mário Soares was elected leader of the ASP and the core principles and values of the ASP were approved.[9]

Inspired by May 68 events,[10] the Socialist Party (PS) was created at a conference of the Portuguese Socialist Action (ASP) on 19 April 1973, in Bad Münstereifel in West Germany:

Ballot: 19 April 1973
Option Votes %
In favour of a party 20 74.1
Against a party 7 25.9
Turnout 27
Source:[11]

The twenty-seven delegates decided to found a party of socialism and political freedom, making an explicit reference to a classless society and with Marxism as a source of principal inspiration. However, seven delegates voted against the idea of creating a party, including Mário Soares' wife Maria Barroso.

Mário Soares' leadership (1973–1985)

Mário Soares and Maria Barroso in 1974.

On 25 April 1974, the Carnation Revolution brought down the authoritarian regime of the Estado Novo, established in 1933, and democracy was restored. The new Socialist Party was involved in the Provisional governments, with several party figures being a part of the cabinets such as Mário Soares, Francisco Salgado Zenha, Raul Rêgo, António de Almeida Santos, António Lopes Cardoso, Eduardo Pereira, Jorge Campinos and Walter Rosa.

During this time, the PS suffered trotskyist entryism, with Soares facing serious leadership challenges from this wing of the party, winning the December 1974 election for party leader against Manuel Serra by a 56-44 margin.[12] This would lead to some splits, such as the FSP and POUS, which never succeeded.

Socialist Party national headquarters in 1975.

After the revolution, elections were called for 25 April 1975 and the PS won the 1975 election for the Constituent Assembly and the 1976 elections for the Assembly of the Republic. Mário Soares became the first Prime Minister under the new 1976 Constitution. He first led a minority government and, after a vote of no confidence in December 1977, the PS formed a coalition government with the Democratic and Social Center (CDS). This cabinet ended up being short-lived as CDS would break with the coalition in July 1978, leading to three presidential initiative governments.

PS ended up losing to the Democratic Alliance (AD) in the 1979 legislative election. Shortly after, in the 1980 election, the PS made an electoral alliance, called the Republican and Socialist Front (FRS), between the Independent Social Democrats (ASDI), led by Sousa Franco, and the Left-wing Union for the Socialist Democracy (UEDS), led by Lopes Cardoso, but this alliance failed to defeat the AD.

In the 1980 presidential election, the party was divided on whether or not to support Ramalho Eanes on his re-election bid. Soares, who distrusted Eanes, ended up suspending his leadership because a significant wing of the party (led by Salgado Zenha) was in favour of supporting the incumbent President. Eanes ended up winning reelection in an election marked by Francisco Sá Carneiro's death.[13]

Socialist Party national headquarters in Lisbon.

Soares remained in the party's leadership and won the 1983 legislative election but without an absolute majority, which led to the formation of a grand coalition with the centre-right Social Democratic Party (PSD), creating the Central Bloc. The new government began negotiations for Portugal to enter the European Economic Community (EEC).

In 1985, following the death of PSD leader Carlos Mota Pinto and the election of Aníbal Cavaco Silva as the new leader, the Central Bloc broke down and the PS, who nominated António de Almeida Santos as the party's candidate for Prime Minister, lost the 1985 legislative election in a crushing defeat, after several party members defected to Eanes' Democratic Renewal Party (PRD), winning just 20.8% of the votes and 57 seats.

Opposition to Cavaco Silva (1985–1992)

As the PS was removed from the government by Cavaco Silva, Mário Soares left the leadership of the party in order to run for the 1986 presidential election. After beginning with about 8% of voting intentions, Soares ended up surpassing former Prime Minister Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo and his former allied and friend Salgado Zenha (who had the backing of the PRD and the Communist Party), going into the second round with former CDS leader Diogo Freitas do Amaral, after winning 25.4% of the votes. He ended up winning the full support of the left (notably an endorsement from PCP secretary-general Álvaro Cunhal) and defeated Freitas do Amaral with 51.2% of the votes, winning the presidency.[14]

After a long period without any clear leader, Vítor Constâncio, won the party leadership. In April 1987, PS supported a motion of no confidence from the PRD against the PSD minority government, which led to the fall of the government. Constâncio proposed a coalition government with the PRD and with the support of the PCP, but that possibility was rejected by President Mário Soares, who dissolved parliament.[15] In the July 1987 legislative election, despite a slight increase of the PS to the 22.2% of the votes, Cavaco Silva's PSD won its first absolute majority, achieving 50.2% of the votes.

Constâncio ended up leaving the leadership of the party in January 1989, citing the interference from Mário Soares as a reason, being succeeded by Jorge Sampaio as party leader.[16] Sampaio himself was the party's candidate for that years' local elections in Lisbon, forming a coalition with the PCP. Sampaio won the mayorship with 49% of the votes, defeating the PSD/CDS/PPM candidate Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa. After being elected as Mayor, Sampaio ended up spliting his time between the Mayorship and the leadership of the opposition, which ended up being criticized by his internal opponents. This led to another defeat, with PSD winning 50.6% of the votes, while the PS increased it's vote share to 29.1%.[17]

After this defeat, António Guterres declared his candidacy for the party leadership against Sampaio. Sampaio ended up withrawing his candidacy before the vote and Guterres won the leadership.[18]

PS under António Guterres (1992–2002)

António Guterres, who led the Socialist Party from 1992 until 2002. He was Prime Minister from 1995 to 2002 and Secretary-general of the United Nations from 2016 until the present day.

After ten years in the opposition, the PS won the 1995 legislative election, with 43.8% of the votes and 112 seats, slightly short of a majority. António Guterres became the new Prime Minister, as Jorge Sampaio defeated Cavaco Silva in the 1996 presidential election with 53.9% of the votes. This marked the first time since 1974 that a party held both the Presidency and the government.[19]

In 1996, the PS won its first regional election ever, with Carlos César winning the Azorean election with 45.8% of the votes, forming a minority government with the support of the CDS.[20]

As the country headed into the polls again in 1999, Portugal was enjoying a period of growing economic stability and prestige.[21] Despite that, the PS failed to obtain what would have been a historic absolute majority for the party by only one seat. This led to the party having to negotiate odd coalitions with unlikely partners to approve legislation, with the party relying on a single CDS–PP deputy in order to pass the 2001 and 2002 budgets.[22]

After a massive defeat in the 2001 local elections, with the party losing several important municipalities such as Lisbon, Porto, Sintra and Cascais, Guterres resigned as prime minister.[23] The new Socialist leader, Eduardo Ferro Rodrigues, ended up losing the 2002 legislative election by a small margin to the PSD, who formed a coalition government with the People's Party (CDS–PP).[24]

During this time, it has been argued that the Socialist Party moved towards the centre and adopted the Third Way.[25][26] In the early 2000s, the party cleaned up its membership database, resulting in a reduction of registered members from 120,000 in 2001 to 77,000 in 2002.[27]

Rise and fall of José Sócrates (2002–2011)

As the PS returned to the opposition, a child abuse scandal broke, which ended up involving high figures from the party,[28] including the then party leader Ferro Rodrigues.[29]

José Sócrates during the campaign for the 2009 European Parliament elections.

In June 2004, the PS won the 2004 European elections by a landslide, and a few weeks later, José Manuel Durão Barroso, leader of the PSD and prime minister, resigned to become President of the European Commission. President Jorge Sampaio decided not to call elections and replaced Durão Barroso with Pedro Santana Lopes, which led to Ferro Rodrigues' resignation as leader of the party. He was replaced in the leadership by former Environment minister José Sócrates.[30]

In December 2004, Jorge Sampaio dissolved Parliament and called fresh elections for February 2005.[31] These elections resulted in a landslide victory for the PS with 45.0% of the votes and 121 seats, winning for the first time since its foundation an absolute majority, with José Sócrates becoming Prime Minister of Portugal.

In 2009, after 4+1⁄2 years in power, the PS lost the 2009 European Parliament elections to the PSD. However, they won the legislative election held on 27 September 2009, failing to renew the absolute majority they won in the previous general election. During this time, PS introduced and legislated same-sex marriage.

The Eurozone crisis and financial crisis of 2011 hit Portugal very hard, prompting Sócrates' government to impose harsh austerity measures. On 23 March 2011, the entire opposition in Parliament said no to new measures proposed by the government. As a result of this, Sócrates resigned as prime minister and a snap election took place on 5 June 2011. In the elections, the PS suffered a huge setback, with 28.1 percent of the vote, ten points behind the PSD, who formed another coalition government with the CDS–PP. Sócrates resigned as Secretary-general on election night after the PS's worst result since 1987.[32]

António José Seguro's leadership (2011–2014)

On 23 July 2011, António José Seguro was elected as Sócrates' successor.[33] During his leadership, the PS abstained in the 2012 State Budget, attracting criticism from within the party.[34]

Under the leadership of Seguro, the PS won one of its best results ever in the 2013 local elections, making significant gains over the PSD, and in May 2014 won again the European Parliament elections, winning 31.5% of the votes against almost 28% of the PSD/CDS coalition. Howeer, this latest result was considered quite a disappointment to many PS members and supporters and on 27 May 2014, António Costa, the then-mayor of Lisbon, announced that he would stand for the leadership of the PS.[35] Seguro refused to call a new congress and leadership election and instead called for a primary election, to be held on 28 September, to elect the party's candidate for prime minister in the 2015 legislative election.[36]

Costa, being endorsed by people like Mário Soares, Ana Catarina Mendes and Pedro Nuno Santos, easily defeated Seguro by a 67% to 31% margin, with Seguro stepping out of politics afterwards.[37]

António Costa's leadership (2014–2024)

In the 2015 legislative elections, the PS polled a disappointing second place, capturing just 32 percent of the votes against the 38.6 percent of the PSD/CDS–PP electoral alliance Portugal Ahead. Despite the victory of the PSD/CDS-PP coalition, the centre-left and left-wing parties achieved a clear majority in the Portuguese parliament. After the second Passos Coelho cabinet fell in parliament, with the approval of a no-confidence motion, the PS forged a confidence and supply agreement with Left Bloc and Unitary Democratic Coalition to support a PS minority government. For the first time in Portuguese democracy, the leader of the second most voted political force became prime minister.

In order to avoid bankruptcy due to mounting debt, in 2017, the party, alongside the PSD, the Portuguese Communist Party, BE and the ecologist party PEV, voted in favour of abolishing party fundraising limits, thereby opening all Portuguese parties to private political donorship, that they are not obligated to disclose.[38][39][40][41] The new proposal was reluctantly approved by the Portuguese president Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa.[42]

António Costa, Secretary-general of the party from 2014 until 2024 and who is currently the President of the European Council

Costa led a very successful first term as prime minister with a growing economy, low unemployment, and deficit cuts. Although he led a more left-leaning PS, Costa started to shift the party back to the centre in 2018, something that a younger and more left-wing faction, led by minister Pedro Nuno Santos, contested.[43] In the 2019 European elections, the PS won a significant victory by achieving 33.4 percent, against the 22 percent of the PSD. The PS also won the October 2019 general election with 36 percent of the votes, against the 28 percent of the PSD, but by a closer margin than expected. The Second Costa cabinet was sworn in on 26 October 2019.

In October 2020, the PS lost power in the Azores region after the Socialists lost their majority in the region's 2020 October elections. The PS only got 39 percent of the votes, a drop of 7 pp, and 25 seats.[44] The right-wing parties PSD, CDS, PPM, CHEGA, and IL won a majority of one seat over the whole left wing, and a few weeks after the election, they forged a deal that led the PSD to government.[45] As of 2021, the PS is now in opposition in both autonomous regions of the country.

For the 2021 Portuguese presidential election, Costa endorsed the incumbent Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, something that made some party members unsatisfied. Former PS MEP Ana Gomes, a critic of Costa and a member of the left faction of the party, ran for the presidency, declaring herself the candidate of democratic socialism and progressivism, stating that she has been disappointed with the leadership of the party for not having an official candidate.[46][47] With the support of the left faction of the party and some more moderate members worried about corruption, Gomes finished in a disappointing second place behind de Sousa, who had many endorsements of party leaders like Lisbon's Mayor Fernando Medina, Eduardo Ferro Rodrigues, and Carlos César.

The party suffered a setback in the 2021 local elections by losing several cities to the PSD. However, the main defeat was the loss of Lisbon to the PSD candidate, Carlos Moedas, who defeated Fernando Medina by a narrow 34 to 33 percent margin.[48] After the local elections, tensions between the PS and its left-wing allies, BE and CDU, led to the rejection of the 2022 budget which forced the calling of a snap election for January 2022.[49] Despite polls predicting a close race between the PS and PSD, the Socialists won a surprise absolute majority, only the second in their history, with 41 percent of the votes against the 29 percent of the PSD,[50] and winning 120 (52%) of the 230 seats in the Portuguese parliament.

In November 2023, António Costa resigned as prime minister and party leader following the Operation Influencer investigation, which investigates suspected corruption activities in the awarding of contracts for the lithium and hydrogen businesses.[51] Following Costa's decision, an early election was called for 10 March 2024.[52] A leadership election was called for 15 and 16 December 2023, which was won by Pedro Nuno Santos with almost 61 percent of the votes.[53]

Return to the opposition (2024–present)

On the 10 March 2024 election, the Socialist Party was narrowly defeated by the Democratic Alliance (AD), headed by the Social Democratic Party, losing 42 seats and gathering 28 percent of the votes.[54] Three months later, in the 2024 European Parliament elections, the Socialist Party narrowly defeated the AD coalition, by a 32 to 31 percent margin. A new election was called for May 2025, after a vote of confidence in the AD minority government was rejected, following the revelations of the Spinumviva case.[55] The party suffered one of its worst results ever in the election, gathering just less than 23 percent of the votes and 58 seats, falling to third place in terms of seats by being surpassed by the far-right Chega party and losing the status of leader of the opposition.[56] Pedro Nuno Santos resigned and a leadership election was opened. After being the only candidate to submit a candidacy, José Luís Carneiro became party leader in late June 2025.[57]

José Luís Carneiro, Secretary-General since 2025.

The party entered the 2025 local elections, with the ambition to retain the National Association of Portuguese Municipalities (ANMP) and secure the highest number of district capitals, and major cities: specifically Lisbon, Porto, Braga, Sintra, Vila Nova de Gaia, Setúbal and Coimbra.[58] High-profile party figures, such as the former ministers Alexandra Leitão (Lisbon), Manuel Pizarro (Porto), Ana Mendes Godinho (Sintra) and Ana Abrunhosa (Coimbra) were chosen as candidates to spearhead this effort.

Following the results of the previous legislative elections, many anticipated severe losses and an unprecedent electoral erosion, exacerbated by the term-limit rule that forced 54 out of the 148 sitting Socialist mayors elected in 2021 to step down, creating openings in several municipalities.[59] Despite this pessimistic outlook, the Socialists won 127 municipalities, but were still surpassed by the PSD, being 5 short of the minimum needed to retain the presidency of ANMP. The results were mixed for the party, in one hand Alexandra Leitão lost Lisbon by almost 8%, the candidates in the biggest cities were also defeated and the party lost strongholds like Aljezur, Baião, Cabeceiras de Basto, Condeixa-a-Nova, Guimarães, Lourinhã, Melgaço, Soure and Torres Vedras; on the other hand the PS made significant gains in the interior of the country, notably flipping Viseu for the first time ever. In response to the results, José Luís Carneiro declared that “the Socialists are back,” signaling party optimism despite not winning the major urban centers.[60]

In the 2026 presidential election, the party's supported candidate, former secretary-general António José Seguro (2011–2014), polled first in the first round with 31% of the votes and faced far-right candidate André Ventura in a runoff.[61] Seguro was easily elected President with 67% of the votes, against the 33% of Ventura.[62]

Ideology and factions

The PS is a mainstream centre-left social democratic party that supports Keynesianism, a mixed economy, Europeanism, and progressivism. Like many mainstream social democratic parties, it has previously adopted a Third Way outlook.[25]

According to the party statutes, no autonomous organization of tendencies or adoption of political denominations by any internal group is allowed. Existing informal internal factions range from democratic socialism to social liberalism and centrism. Party members like former leader Pedro Nuno Santos, MP Pedro Delgado Alves, former ministers Duarte Cordeiro and João Galamba were connoted with the party's left faction, being referred to as the Young Turks of the Socialist Party for their opposition to the leadership of António José Seguro,[63] on the other hand figures like Francisco Assis, Sérgio Sousa Pinto and Álvaro Beleza are connoted with the party's right-wing.[64][65]

Historically, during its first years, the party has also had far-left factions. The most notable figures of this factions include the Marxist Manuel Serra, who opposed Mário Soares leadership from the left and won 44% of the votes against him,[12] leaving the party and creating the People's Socialist Front afterwards;[66] as well as the MPs Carmelinda Pereira and António Aires Rodrigues, who were the most notable examples of a "Trotskyist infiltration on the party", it is noted that this faction represented 25% of the delegates elected to the socialist national congress of 1976.[67]

Election results

Assembly of the Republic

Seat share in the Portuguese legislative elections

Election Leader Votes % Seats +/- Government
1975 Mário Soares 2,162,972 37.87 (#1)
116 / 250
 New Constituent assembly
1976 1,912,921 34.89 (#1)
107 / 263
 Decrease 9 Minority[a]
Coalition[a]
Opposition
1979 1,642,136 27.33 (#2)
74 / 250
 Decrease 33 Opposition
1980 Republican and
Socialist Front
66 / 250
 Decrease 8 Opposition
1983 2,061,309 36.11 (#1)
94 / 250
 Increase 28 Coalition[b]
1985 António de Almeida Santos 1,204,321 20.77 (#2)
57 / 250
 Decrease 37 Opposition
1987 Vítor Constâncio 1,262,506 22.24 (#2)
60 / 250
 Increase 3 Opposition
1991 Jorge Sampaio 1,670,758 29.13 (#2)
72 / 230
 Increase 12 Opposition
1995 António Guterres 2,583,755 43.76 (#1)
112 / 230
 Increase 40 Minority
1999 2,385,922 44.06 (#1)
115 / 230
 Increase 3 Minority
2002 Eduardo Ferro Rodrigues 2,068,584 37.80 (#2)
96 / 230
 Decrease 19 Opposition
2005 José Sócrates 2,588,312 45.03 (#1)
121 / 230
 Increase 25 Majority
2009 2,077,238 36.56 (#1)
97 / 230
 Decrease 24 Minority
2011 1,566,347 28.05 (#2)
74 / 230
 Decrease 23 Opposition
2015 António Costa 1,747,685 32.32 (#2)
86 / 230
 Increase 12 Opposition
Minority[c]
2019 1,903,687 36.35 (#1)
108 / 230
 Increase 22 Minority
2022 2,302,601 41.38 (#1)
120 / 230
 Increase 12 Majority
2024 Pedro Nuno Santos 1,812,443 27.98 (#2)
78 / 230
 Decrease 42 Opposition
2025 1,442,546 22.83 (#2)
58 / 230
 Decrease 20 Opposition

Presidential

Election Candidate First round Second round Result
Votes % Votes %
1976 Supported António Ramalho Eanes Won Green tickY
1980 Supported António Ramalho Eanes Won Green tickY
1986 Mário Soares 1,443,683 25.43 (#2) 3,010,756 51.18 (#1) Won Green tickY
1991 3,459,521 70.35 (#1) Won Green tickY
1996 Jorge Sampaio 3,035,056 53.91 (#1) Won Green tickY
2001 2,401,015 55.55 (#1) Won Green tickY
2006 Mário Soares 785,355 14.31 (#3) Lost Red XN
2011 Manuel Alegre 831,838 19.74 (#2) Lost Red XN
2016 No candidate[d]
2021 No candidate[e]
2026 António José Seguro 1,755,563 31.11 (#1) 3,502,613 66.84 (#1) Won Green tickY

European Parliament

Election Leader Votes % Seats +/- EP Group
1987 Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo 1,267,672 22.48 (#2)
6 / 24
 New SOC
1989 João Cravinho 1,184,380 28.54 (#2)
7 / 24
 Increase 1
1994 António Vitorino 1,061,560 34.87 (#1)
10 / 25
 Increase 3 PES
1999 Mário Soares 1,493,146 43.07 (#1)
12 / 25
 Increase 2
2004 António Costa 1,516,001 44.52 (#1)
12 / 24
 Steady 0
2009 Vital Moreira 946,818 26.53 (#2)
7 / 22
 Decrease 5 S&D
2014 Francisco Assis 1,033,158 31.49 (#1)
8 / 21
 Increase 1
2019 Pedro Marques 1,104,694 33.40 (#1)
9 / 21
 Increase 1
2024 Marta Temido 1,268,915 32.11 (#1)
8 / 21
 Decrease 1

Regional Assemblies

Region Election Leader Votes % Seats +/- Government
Azores 2024 Vasco Cordeiro 41,538 35.92 (#2)
23 / 57
 Decrease 2 Opposition
Madeira 2025 Paulo Cafôfo 22,351 15.63 (#3)
8 / 47
 Decrease 3 Opposition

List of lead party figures

Secretaries-General

António José Seguro, Secretary-general of the Socialist Party between 2011 and 2014 and President-elect of Portugal
Main article: Secretary-General of the Socialist Party (Portugal)

Graphical timeline

José Luís CarneiroCarlos CésarPedro Nuno SantosAntónio CostaMaria de Belém RoseiraAntónio José SeguroJosé SócratesEduardo Ferro RodriguesAntónio GuterresJorge SampaioVítor ConstâncioAntónio MacedoAntónio Almeida SantosMário Soares

Party presidents

Carlos César, President of the Government of the Azores from 1996 to 2012 and the current party president.
Carlos CésarMaria de Belém RoseiraAntónio de Almeida SantosJoão Ferraz de AbreuManuel Tito de MoraisAntónio Macedo

Honorary Party presidents

Parliamentary Leaders

Prime Ministers

Presidents of the Republic

Presidents of the Assembly

Presidents of the Regional Government of the Azores

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Minority government (1976–1978); Coalition government with the CDS between January and August 1978; Opposition (1978–1979).
  2. ^ Central Bloc government (PS-PSD) (Jun 1983 – Nov 1985)
  3. ^ Opposition (Oct–Nov 2015); Confidence and supply government between the PS and BE–PCP–PEV (Nov 2015 – Oct 2019)
  4. ^ Former party president Maria de Belém Roseira ran but failed to receive the party's official support, which recommend voting for her or António Sampaio da Nóvoa.
  5. ^ Former MEP Ana Gomes ran but failed to receive the party's support.

References

  1. ^ "Partidos registados e suas denominações, siglas e símbolos". Constitutional Court of Portugal (in Portuguese). Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  2. ^ "Apesar do rombo nas duas últimas legislativas, PS soma 21 mil novos militantes".
  3. ^ Tavares, Tiago. "Os hinos que se cantavam nas primeiras eleições". Observador.
  4. ^ "Mapa interactivo: veja como votaram as freguesias à sua volta". publico.pt. 13 October 2025. Retrieved 13 October 2025.
  5. ^ Nordsieck, Wolfram (2019). "Portugal". Parties and Elections in Europe. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  6. ^ Dimitri Almeida (2012). The Impact of European Integration on Political Parties: Beyond the Permissive Consensus. CRC Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-136-34039-0. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
  7. ^ Lisi, Marco; Freire, André (2014). "The selection of political party leaders in Portugal". In Jean-Benoit Pilet; William Cross (eds.). The Selection of Political Party Leaders in Contemporary Parliamentary Democracies: A Comparative Study. Routledge. p. 124. ISBN 978-1-317-92945-1.
  8. ^ Guedes, Nuno (2016). "Esquerda-direita: análise das posições ideológicas do PS e do PSD (1990-2010)". Sociologia, Problemas e Práticas (80): 95–116.
  9. ^ "Primeiras formações socialistas", Diário de Notícias, 7 January 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  10. ^ Varela, Raquel; della Santa, Roberto (4 December 2018). "O Maio de 68 na Europa – Estado e Revolução" [The May of 68 in Europe – State and Revolution] (PDF). Direito e Práxis (in Portuguese). 9 (2): 969–991. doi:10.1590/2179-8966/2018/33600. ISSN 2179-8966.
  11. ^ "Valores de Mário Soares marcaram os 50 anos de história do PS", Diário de Notícias, 19 April 1973. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  12. ^ a b "Manuel Serra (1932-2010)". Jornal Expresso (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 18 January 2025.
  13. ^ Carrapatoso, Miguel Santos. "Soares e Zenha. A luta entre irmãos que mudou para sempre a esquerda". Observador (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 14 February 2026.
  14. ^ Carrapatoso, Miguel Santos. "Um candidato improvável à direita, três à esquerda. A história da "eleição mais louca de sempre"". Observador (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 14 February 2026.
  15. ^ Sampaio, Gustavo (20 February 2019). "A única moção de censura e as duas moções de rejeição que derrubaram governos". Jornal Económico (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 14 February 2026.
  16. ^ Soares, Carla (10 September 2021). "Perdeu PS para Guterres e Beleza ficou com votos do líder no congresso". Jornal de Notícias (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 14 February 2026.
  17. ^ Portugal, Rádio e Televisão de (10 September 2021). "Jorge Sampaio. A história de duas derrotas que fizeram o candidato a Belém". Jorge Sampaio. A história de duas derrotas que fizeram o candidato a Belém (in Portuguese). Retrieved 14 February 2026.
  18. ^ Pinheiro, Miguel. "O ano em que (o muito jovem) Álvaro Beleza quis liderar o PS". Observador (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 14 February 2026.
  19. ^ Renascença (29 November 2025). "Pinto não quer "os ovos no mesmo cesto". Mendes lembra Guterres e Sampaio: "Ninguém se queixou" - Renascença". Rádio Renascença (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 14 February 2026.
  20. ^ "1996: a outra minoria do PS Açores". www.sabado.pt (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 14 February 2026.
  21. ^ "BBC News | Europe | Portugal goes to the polls". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 14 February 2026.
  22. ^ Portugal, Rádio e Televisão de (8 September 2015). "Os orçamentos do PS e Daniel Campelo". Os orçamentos do PS e Daniel Campelo (in Portuguese). Retrieved 14 February 2026.
  23. ^ "Guterres deve formalizar hoje pedido de demissão". PÚBLICO (in Portuguese). 17 December 2001. Retrieved 14 February 2026.
  24. ^ "2002: O regresso da coligação de Direita ao poder". SIC Notícias (in Portuguese). 1 October 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2026.
  25. ^ a b Costa Lobo, Marina; Magalhães, Pedro C. (2001). The Portuguese Socialists and the Third Way (PDF). European Consortium for Political Research. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  26. ^ Pearlstein, Steven (6 May 2009). "In Portugal, as in America, a 'Third Way' Is Reemerging". The Washington Post. Retrieved 11 May 2009.
  27. ^ Scarrow, Susan (27 November 2014). Beyond Party Members: Changing Approaches to Partisan Mobilization (1 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 59. ISBN 9780191748332. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  28. ^ Tremlett, Giles (21 November 2004). "Portugal rocked by child abuse scandal". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 14 February 2026.
  29. ^ Lusa (20 December 2007). "Casa Pia: Ferro Rodrigues reafirma que foi abusivamente envolvido no processo". PÚBLICO (in Portuguese). Retrieved 14 February 2026.
  30. ^ "Sócrates eleito Secretário Geral do PS" (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 14 February 2026.
  31. ^ Portugal, Rádio e Televisão de (8 September 2015). "Jorge Sampaio anuncia a dissolução do Parlamento". Jorge Sampaio anuncia a dissolução do Parlamento (in Portuguese). Retrieved 14 February 2026.
  32. ^ Alvarez, Luciano (5 June 2011). "Sócrates demite-se de líder do PS e recusa novo cargo político". PÚBLICO (in Portuguese). Retrieved 14 February 2026.
  33. ^ "António José Seguro eleito líder do PS". Económico (in European Portuguese). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 14 February 2026.
  34. ^ PÚBLICO (6 November 2011). ""Abstenção do PS vai ser violenta mas construtiva", garante Seguro". PÚBLICO (in Portuguese). Retrieved 14 February 2026.
  35. ^ Nuno, Sá Lourenço (27 May 2014). "António Costa avança para a liderança do PS". Público. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
  36. ^ Telma, Roque (6 June 2014). "Aprovada a realização de eleições primárias no PS a 28 de setembro". Jornal de Notícias. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
  37. ^ "António José Seguro demite-se de secretário-geral do PS". www.jornaldenegocios.pt (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 14 February 2026.
  38. ^ Partidos podem angariar quanto quiserem e o IVA é devolvido in Jornal Eco, retrieved on August 9, 2022
  39. ^ O que muda no financiamento dos partidos? E as dúvidas que ficam in Jornal Eco, retrieved on August 9, 2022.
  40. ^ Pela calada do Natal aconteceu o saque partidário in Jornal Eco, consulted on August 9, 2022
  41. ^ Partidos sem limites para angariar fundos e com devolução total do IVA in Jornal Público, retrieved on August 9, 2022
  42. ^ Alteração à lei de financiamento dos partidos políticos promulgada in Transparência Internacional – Transparency International Portugal, retrieved on August 9, 2022.
  43. ^ Ana, Sá Lopes (4 June 2018). "Pedro Nuno ganha batalha e António Costa não gostou". Sol. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  44. ^ "PS perde maioria absoluta nos Açores, e Chega, IL e PAN entram no parlamento ", Público, 25 October 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  45. ^ "Eleições nos Açores: Novo Governo regional toma posse na terça-feira", Observador, 19 November 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  46. ^ Almeida, Joana (10 September 2020). "Ana Gomes formaliza candidatura à Presidência da República em nome do 'socialismo democrático'" [Ana Gomes formalizes candidacy for President of the Republic in the name of 'democratic socialism']. O Jornal Económico. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  47. ^ Donn, Natasha (10 September 2020). "Ana Gomes ruffles feathers as she launches official bid for presidency". Portugal Resident. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  48. ^ "Carlos Moedas eleito presidente da Câmara de Lisboa. "Ganhámos contra tudo e contra todos!" ", Público, 27 September 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  49. ^ "É o primeiro chumbo em democracia. Orçamento para 2022 não passa na Assembleia da República", Eco, 27 October 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  50. ^ "PS vence pela primeira vez em todos os distritos do continente", Renascença, 31 January 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  51. ^ "António Costa demite-se: "Obviamente"". CNN Portugal (in Portuguese). Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  52. ^ "Marcelo marca eleições para 10 de março – Renascença". Rádio Renascença (in European Portuguese). 9 November 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  53. ^ "Pedro Nuno Santos eleito secretário-geral do PS com 62%". sicnoticias.pt. SIC Notícias. 16 December 2023.
  54. ^ "Portugal's center-right wins an election but surging populists want a say in the government". Associated Press. 21 March 2024. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  55. ^ Pinto, Salomé (13 March 2025). "É oficial. Marcelo marca eleições para 18 de maio". Eco (in Portuguese). Lisbon. Retrieved 13 March 2025.
  56. ^ "Deputados da emigração divididos entre Chega e AD, PS não elegeu: Ventura confirmado como líder do maior partido da oposição". Expresso. 28 May 2025. Retrieved 28 May 2025.
  57. ^ "José Luís Carneiro eleito secretário-geral do PS". CNN Portugal (in Portuguese). Retrieved 28 June 2025.
  58. ^ Bártolo, Frederico (9 October 2025). "José Luís Carneiro mantém metas: "Ganhar Lisboa e Porto é objetivo político fundamental"". Diário de Notícias. Retrieved 11 November 2025.
  59. ^ "PS tem 79 câmaras em risco de erosão eleitoral: partido enfrenta "retração eleitoral sem precedentes"". Expresso (in Portuguese). 25 September 2025. Retrieved 11 November 2025.
  60. ^ "Carneiro diz que PS "voltou", mas admite perda de título de partido com mais câmaras". SIC Notícias (in Portuguese). 12 October 2025. Retrieved 11 November 2025.
  61. ^ "Socialist, far-right candidate head for Portugal's presidential runoff". Reuters. 18 January 2026. Retrieved 22 January 2026.
  62. ^ "Center left beats far right to Portugal's presidency". Politico EU. 9 February 2026. Retrieved 8 February 2026.
  63. ^ Lopes, Ana Sá (5 August 2025). "Os jovens turcos iam mudar o Partido Socialista e o país. Depois, algo aconteceu entre eles". PÚBLICO (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 November 2025.
  64. ^ "Crise política : Ala direita PS junta-se domingo em Cantanhede". www.jornaldenegocios.pt (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 11 November 2025.
  65. ^ "Sérgio Sousa Pinto apoia Pedro Nuno Santos para secretário-geral". PÚBLICO (in Portuguese). 8 December 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2025.
  66. ^ "Turmoil faces Portugal as Parties Clash". The Observer. 4 May 1975. p. 6. Retrieved 18 January 2025.
  67. ^ "POUS, partido trotskista, foi extinto pelo Tribunal Constitucional". PÚBLICO (in Portuguese). Lusa. 22 December 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2025.
  68. ^ Henriques, Graça (18 September 2019). "Oito décadas na vida de Jorge Sampaio". Diário de Notícias. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
allikas: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Socialist_Action