Napoléon Louis Bonaparte

For other uses, see Louis Napoleon (disambiguation) and Napoleon Bonaparte (disambiguation).
Louis II
Portrait by Félix Cottrau after Jean-Baptiste Wicar
King of Holland
Reign1 – 13 July 1810
PredecessorLouis I
SuccessorWilliam I as King of Netherlands
Grand Duke of Berg
Reign3 March 1809 – 1 December 1813
PredecessorJoachim I
RegentNapoleon I
Born11 October 1804
Paris, French Empire
Died17 March 1831(1831-03-17) (aged 26)
Forlì, Papal States
Burial
Saint-Leu-la-Forêt
Spouse
​
(m. 1826)​
HouseBonaparte
FatherLouis Bonaparte
MotherHortense de Beauharnais
Royal styles of
Louis II of Holland
Reference styleHis Majesty
Spoken styleYour Majesty

Napoléon-Louis Bonaparte (11 October 1804 – 17 March 1831) was King of Holland for less than two weeks in July 1810 as Louis II (Dutch: Lodewijk II). He was a son of Louis Bonaparte (King Louis I) and Queen Hortense. His father was the younger brother of Napoleon I of France who ruled the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland from 1806 to 1810. His mother was the daughter of Josephine de Beauharnais, Napoleon's first wife. His younger brother, Louis-Napoléon, became Emperor of the French in 1852 as Napoleon III.

Biography

Napoléon Louis's brother, Napoléon Charles, died in 1807 at the age of four.[1] On his death, Napoléon Louis became Prince Royal of Holland.[2] It also made Napoléon Louis the second eldest nephew of Emperor Napoléon I, who at the time had no legitimate children, and he was regarded as his uncle's likely eventual successor.[3] He lost this presumptive status on 20 March 1811 when Napoléon I's second wife, Marie Louise, gave birth to a son, Napoléon François Joseph Charles Bonaparte, who was styled the King of Rome and later Duke of Reichstadt.[4]

In 1809, Napoléon I appointed him Grand Duke of Berg, a position he held until 1813.[5]

On 1 July 1810, Louis I of Holland abdicated his throne in favour of Napoléon Louis.[6] For the nine days between his father's abdication and the fall of Holland to the advancing French army in July 1810, Napoléon Louis reigned as Lodewijk II, King of Holland.[7]

When Napoléon I was deposed in 1815 after the Battle of Waterloo, the House of Bourbon was restored to the French throne.[8] Napoléon Louis fled into exile, although the Bonaparte family never abandoned hopes of restoring the Napoleonic Empire.[9]

On 23 July 1826 Napoléon Louis married his first cousin, Charlotte, the daughter of Joseph Bonaparte, eldest brother of Napoléon I.[10] He and his younger brother Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte settled in Italy, where they embraced liberal politics and became involved with the Carbonari, who opposed Austrian domination of northern Italy.[11]

On 17 March 1831, while fleeing Italy during a crackdown on revolutionary activity by Papal and Austrian forces, Napoléon Louis, who was suffering from measles, died in Forlì.[12] The French Empire was eventually restored by his younger brother Louis-Napoléon, who became Napoléon III in 1852.[13]

Napoléon Louis is buried at Saint-Leu-la-Forêt, Île-de-France.[14]

References

  1. ^ "Napoléon Charles Bonaparte". Napoleon.org. Fondation Napoléon. Retrieved 2 December 2025.
  2. ^ "Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland". Napoleon.org. Fondation Napoléon. Retrieved 2 December 2025.
  3. ^ "Dynastic Succession Under Napoleon I". Napoleon.org. Fondation Napoléon. Retrieved 2 December 2025.
  4. ^ "Napoleon II (Duke of Reichstadt)". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 2 December 2025.
  5. ^ "Grand Duchy of Berg". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 2 December 2025.
  6. ^ "Louis Bonaparte Abdication, 1810". Napoleon Series. Retrieved 2 December 2025.
  7. ^ "The Kingdom of Holland (1806–1810)". Holland.com. Netherlands Board of Tourism. Retrieved 2 December 2025.
  8. ^ "Restoration, France (1814–1830)". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 2 December 2025.
  9. ^ "Bonapartist Movement". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 2 December 2025.
  10. ^ "Charlotte Bonaparte". Napoleon.org. Fondation Napoléon. Retrieved 2 December 2025.
  11. ^ Grab, Alexander (2000). "The Politics of the Carbonari". Journal of Modern Italian Studies. 5 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1080/135457100363972.
  12. ^ "Napoléon Louis Bonaparte (1804–1831)". Napoleon.org. Fondation Napoléon. Retrieved 2 December 2025.
  13. ^ "Napoleon III". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 2 December 2025.
  14. ^ "Burial Sites of the Bonaparte Family". International Napoleonic Society. Retrieved 2 December 2025.
allikas: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_II_of_Holland