"Unified Energy System" redirects here. For other uses, see RAO UES.

The IPS/UPS (Russian: ЕЭС/ОЭС), also widely known as the Russian grid or the post-Soviet grid is a wide area synchronous transmission grid, where the Unified Power System (UPS) (Единая энергетическая система России (ЕЭС)) being the Russian grid, and the Integrated Power System (IPS) (Объединенная энергетическая система (ОЭС)) portion of the network being the national networks of Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.[1][2][3]

It has a common mode of operation and centralized supervisory control. It has an installed generation capacity of 300 gigawatts, and produces 1,200 terawatt-hours (TWh) per year for its 280 million customers. The system spans eight time zones.[4] IPS/UPS is largely managed centrally from Moscow.

UPS

The unified power system was started in 1956 by interconnecting the power systems of Center and Middle Volga. By 1978, the unified power system included all of the Soviet Union except Central Asia.[3]

The Russian portion of the interconnection is known as Unified Power System of Russia (UPS; Russian: Единая энергетическая система России (ЕЭС)) and consists of 75 regional energy systems, which, in turn, form 7 unified energy systems or regional transmission operators:[5]

  1. UPS Center (Центр) - covering Central Federal District
  2. UPS South (Юг) - covering Southern Federal District and North Caucasian Federal District
  3. UPS North-West (Северо-Запад) - covering Northwestern Federal District, except Kaliningrad
  4. UPS Middle Volga (Средняя Волга) - covering Volga Federal District
  5. UPS Ural (Урал) - covering Ural Federal District
  6. UPS Siberia (Сибирь) - covering Siberian Federal District
  7. UPS East (Восток) - covering Far Eastern Federal District

UPS of Russia came into existence as a result of Russian Federation Decision #526 dated 11 July 2001 "On the Restructuring of the Russian Federation United Energy System". Up until 1 July 2008 RAO UES operated UPS. It is currently being operated by the Federal Grid Company (FGC UES) of Russia.

IPS

The Integrated Power System (IPS, Объединенная энергетическая система (ОЭС)) portion of the network includes the national networks of Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.[2][1][3]

Russia Northwest
Belarus Belarus
Russia CenterRussia UralRussia SiberiaRussia East
Russia Middle Volga
Russia SouthKazakhstan KazakhstanMongolia Mongolia
Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan
Georgia (country) GeorgiaAzerbaijan AzerbaijanUzbekistan Uzbekistan
Tajikistan Tajikistan

The following IPS networks are connected to the following UPS Russia systems:[6]

  1. IPS Azerbaijan and IPS Georgia - connected with UPS South
  2. IPS Belarus - connected with UPS North-West and UPS Center
  3. IPS Kazakhstan - connected with UPS Ural and UPS Siberia[7]
  4. IPS Kyrgyzstan, IPS Tajikistan and IPS Uzbekistan - connected with IPS Kazakhstan[1]
  5. IPS Mongolia - connected with UPS Siberia

In 1979–1993 the power systems of Poland, the German Democratic Republic, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria, now part of the Continental Europe Synchronous Area (ENTSO-E), operated synchronously with the Unified Power System of the USSR.

Central Asian countries (excluding Turkmenistan) were added to the integrated system in 2001.[4] In 2009, Uzbekistan disconnected from the system resulting also in the disconnection of Tajikistan.[8] In early 2021 Ukraine announced that it would be disconnecting from Russia and Belarus by the end of 2023 and integrating into the continental European grid.[9][10] In February 2022, Ukraine disconnected due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, also disconnecting Moldova.[11] In early March 2022, Ukraine completed an emergency synchronization with the European grid. [12]

The BRELL (Belarus, Russia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) agreement[13][14] was an agreement by the five countries on the technical management of the synchronization of their power grids as part of the IPS/UPS power distribution system. It was originally made in February 2001.[15] The electricity systems of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were integrated into the IPS/UPS soon after the Soviet occupation of the Baltic States. On 8 February 2025, the three Baltic states permanently disconnected from IPS/UPS.[16][17] Following the disconnection, Kaliningrad became a power island, disconnected from its surrounding states.[18][19]

Interconnections with other systems

IPS/UPS has an interlink to the Nordic system via a back-to-back high-voltage direct current (HVDC) connection to Finland with a capacity of 1420 megawatts.[20][obsolete source]

In 2005, Russia and the EU considered unifying the IPS/UPS network with the ENTSO-E to form a single synchronous super grid spanning 13 time zones.[4] There was also a proposal to interconnect the Russian grid to China and other Asian systems with HVDC links as part of an Asian Super Grid.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "Синхронная зона - Глоссарий". so-ups.ru (in Russian).
  2. ^ a b Luther, Matthias (2004). Reliable electricity system and requested extensions towards CIS and Baltic countries, North Africa and Middle East (PDF). TEN-E Conference: Developing a Secure and Sustainable Trans European Energy Network. Union for the Co-ordination of Transmission of Electricity. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
  3. ^ a b c "Литва выходит из соглашения БРЕЛЛ. Почему это так важно?" (in Russian).
  4. ^ a b c Sergei Lebed (20 April 2005). "IPS/UPS Overview" (PDF). Brussels: UCTE-IPSUPS Study presentation. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2008.
  5. ^ "Электроэнергетические системы России". so-ups.ru (in Russian).
  6. ^ "Feasibility Study: Synchronous Interconnection of the IPS/UPS with the UCTE" (PDF). so-ups.ru.
  7. ^ "Международное сотрудничество - KEGOC" (in Russian). kegoc.kz.
  8. ^ Chorshanbiyev, Payrav (30 July 2010). "Energy blockade reportedly costs Sangtudinskaya GES-1 at US$20 mln". ASIA-Plus. Archived from the original on 18 April 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
  9. ^ "Kyiv: Ukraine will cut itself off from power grids of Russia and Belarus". UAWire. 25 January 2021.
  10. ^ "Ukraine to disconnect from Russia and Belarus' power systems by end of 2023". TASS. 23 February 2021.
  11. ^ Abnett, Kate (28 February 2022). "EU to urgently link electricity grid with Ukraine's". Reuters.
  12. ^ "ENTSO-E agrees to start trial synchronization of continental European power grids with those of Ukraine, Moldova from March 16". Interfax-Ukraine. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  13. ^ "БРЭЛЛ и энергетические объединения Европы" (in Russian).
  14. ^ "Lithuanian president hopes Baltic countries will withdraw from BRELL, synchronize together". baltictimes.com. 24 April 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
  15. ^ Fang, Songying; Jaffe, Amy Myers; Loch-Temzelides, Ted; Lo Prete, Chiara (1 May 2024). "Electricity grids and geopolitics: A game-theoretic analysis of the synchronization of the Baltic States' electricity networks with Continental Europe". Energy Policy. 188: 114068. Bibcode:2024EnPol.18814068F. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2024.114068. ISSN 0301-4215.
  16. ^ Gaidamavičius, Giedrius (8 February 2025). "Baltics disconnect from Russian power grid, start isolated operation". LRT.
  17. ^ "ENTSO-E confirms successful synchronization of the Continental European electricity system with the systems of the Baltic countries". ENTSO-E. 9 February 2025. Retrieved 9 February 2025.
  18. ^ ERR (11 June 2024). "Balti riigid lülituvad Vene elektrivõrgust Euroopa omasse veebruari algul". ERR (in Estonian). Retrieved 5 February 2025.
  19. ^ "ЕЭС России и энергосистема Калининградской области стабильно функционируют после выхода стран Балтии из электрического кольца БРЭЛЛ". so-ups.ru (in Russian).
  20. ^ Haubrich, Hans-Jürgen; Dieter Denzel (30 October 2008). "Interconnected systems in Europe" (PDF). Operation of Interconnected Power Systems (PDF). Aachen: Institute for Electrical Equipment and Power Plants (IAEW) at RWTH Aachen University. p. 16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2008. (See "Operation of Power Systems" link for title page and table of contents.)
Allikas: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPS/UPS
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