Janke is a name of Germanic origin. Spelling variations include Jancke, Jankhe, and (rarely) Janckhe. The name is derived from a diminutive for the male name Jan (a form of John or Johan), and features the suffix "-ke".

Notable people with the surname Janke include:

• Barbara Janke (born 1947), British teacher and politician
• Bogna Janke (born 1973), Polish politician
• Curt W. Janke (1892–1975), American politician
• Dennis Janke (born 1950), American comic book artist
• Dexter Janke (born 1992), Canadian football defensive back
• Franz Janke (1790-c. 1860), Slovak-born Habsburg engineer and architect
• Fred Janke (1917–2009), American football player, business executive and politician
• Friedrich Janke (born 1931), German long-distance runner
• Gabriele Janke (born 1956), German fencer
• Janusz Janke (born 1966), Polish diplomat
• Karin Janke (born 1963), retired German sprinter
• Kleber Janke (born 1988), Brazilian footballer
• Maxmillian Janke (born 1993), German handball player
• Merv Janke (born 1956), Australian speedway rider
• Terri Janke, Wuthathi/Meriam Indigenous lawyer
• Toni Janke, Australian soul singer
• Zygmunt Walter-Janke, Polish officer and historian

• All pages with titles containing Janke
• Janke Nunatak, Antarctica
• Janke Township, Logan County, North Dakota, United States