Painshill (formally Painshill Park) is a restored 18th-century English park and landscape garden in Cobham, Surrey, England. It was designed and created between 1738 and 1773 by the owner, Charles Hamilton. Painshill is Grade I-listed and is a representative of a time when formal baroque gardens were being superseded by a landscape style that used architectural follies and areas of wilderness to construct an idealised representation of nature. The evolving design of Painshill was also influenced by the emerging ideals of the Picturesque movement, particularly in the hillier, western half of the park, which Horace Walpole likened to a "kind of Alpine scene".

In designing the park, Hamilton was influenced by 17th-century landscape artists, including Claude Lorrain, Nicholas Poussin and Salvator Rosa, whose works he had encountered on Grand Tours in 1725 and 1732. Painshill is laid out as a series of scenes, crafted by combining architectural features with trees and shrubs, many of which are non-native species. Visitors followed a 4 mi (6.4 km) clockwise circuit, allowing them to experience each area in turn. Several of the surviving follies are listed in their own right, including the Gothic Tower, inspired by a similar structure by John Vanbrugh at Claremont, and the Gothic Temple, which overlooks the western part of the lake. The Grotto, one of the largest examples of its kind in Europe, is decorated with crystalline mineral stones, including quartz, feldspar and Blue John.

After Hamilton sold Painshill in 1773, the park passed through a series of private owners until the Second World War, when it was requisitioned for the Canadian Army. After the war, it was divided and parts were used for commercial forestry. The architectural features began to decay and much of the land became overgrown. Concern over the condition of the park began to grow in the 1960s, but in the late 1970s, over 140 acres (57 ha) were purchased by Elmbridge Borough Council. Restoration of Painshill began in the early 1980s and the park was reopened to visitors on summer weekends from mid-May 1989. Following a protracted planning dispute about the location of the car park, Painshill opened to the public seven-days-a-week from April 1997. In January 1999, the park was awarded a Europa Nostra Medal for its "exemplary restoration".

The earliest surviving record of Painshill is from 1548, when it appears as Payneshill in a Land Registry manuscript. The area may have been named after the Payne family, who owned part of the land in the late Middle Ages. A "Richard Payne" appears in the 1263 assizes documents and the name "John Payne" can be found in local subsidy rolls from 1332.^[1] In the mid-16th century, the area surrounding the current Painshill House was recorded as the "Painshill common field" and "The Paynes Hawe".^[2]

Painshill was originally part of the manor of Walton-on-Thames, but had become separate by 1512, when a portion of the land was conveyed to Richard Foxe, then Bishop of Winchester. Foxe transferred his holding to Corpus Christi College, Oxford, which he founded in 1517.^[2] In 1539, Henry VIII expanded the Chase of Hampton Court, incorporating "parte of the Towne or Village of Cobham in the Countie of Surrie".^[3] A survey of the chase from around 1540 identifies six areas within Painshill owned by the Crown, including the "Greate grove", of around 40 acres (16 ha), and "hale hill", the future site of the Grotto.^[2]

Henry VIII died in 1547 and Painshill was subsequently divided into plots and leased. The two largest areas, the "Tenement at Payneshill" and the "Tenement at Coveham Bridge", became a single holding in 1570. Comprising around 97+1⁄2 acres (39 ha), the united tenement forms the core of today's Painshill.^[2] A survey of March 1649 suggests that part of the area was being used as arable farmland, although there were still significant areas of woodland.^[4] There is also a record of a warren at Painshill in the 17th century.^[5]

At the start of the 18th century, Painshill was divided between land leased from the Crown by Robert Gavell and a freehold property owned by the Smyther family.^[4][6] Gabriel, Marquis du Quesne, bought the Smythers' land in around 1717, by which time it consisted of two or three farms. Du Quesne is thought to have built a house and laid out a small formal park, but he was ruined as a result of the collapse of the South Sea Company in 1720 and he sold Painshill to William Bellamy in 1725.^[4] Bellamy, a barrister at the Inner Temple, also started to lease the land owned by the Crown, which had become available following the death of Gavell in 1724.^[4][6]

Charles Hamilton was born in 1704 in Dublin, the 9th son and 14th child of James Hamilton, 6th Earl of Abercorn.^[7] In 1718, he became a pupil at Westminster School, where he was a contemporary of John Petty, 1st Earl of Shelburne, the future owner of Bowood House.^[8] He began studying at Oxford University in 1720, where he formed friendships with Henry Hoare, who would later create the gardens at Stourhead, Wiltshire, and the brothers Stephen Fox, the future 1st Earl of Ilchester, and Henry Fox, the future 1st Baron Holland. After gaining a BA in 1723, Hamilton set off on his first Grand Tour in 1725 and, while in Rome, collected numerous artworks and became familiar with the landscape paintings of Claude Lorrain, Nicolas Poussin and Salvator Rosa. He returned from Europe two years later and became the member of the Irish House of Commons for Strathbane.^[7][9] During his second visit to Rome in 1732, Hamilton was introduced to George Knapton, the artist and dealer, and his portrait was painted by Antonio David.^[7][10]

Hamilton began to acquire property at Painshill in 1737, purchasing William Bellamy's freehold and lease from the Crown, and adding additional land to create an estate of more than 200 acres (81 ha).^[4][7][a] He moved to Painshill in 1738 and began to create the park shortly afterwards. A map by John Rocque, dated 1744, indicates that the first part of the lake had been dug out and formal areas of planting at the Amphitheatre and Keyhole had been created.^[12][b] In the mid-1740s, Hamilton began planting "exotics", non-native species of trees and shrubs, some of which were supplied by John Bartram, an American horticulturalist.^[13][14] The majority of the follies and other architectural features were constructed in the late 1750s and early 1760s, although work on the Grotto continued until around 1770. Towards the end of the 1760s, Hamilton constructed a brickworks in the southern part of the park, but the scheme was a financial failure and he constructed the Ruined Abbey in 1772 to conceal the remains of the works.^[15][16]

Although a relatively private person, Hamilton nevertheless entertained small parties of guests in the garden. On those occasions, refreshments were probably served in some of the follies, especially the Temple of Bacchus, which was close to the house kitchen.^[17] Painshill was also open to respectable visitors, not specifically invited by Hamilton, who were generally shown round by the head gardener for a tip after giving their names.^[18][19] Among those to write about their experiences were Richard Pococke, the clergyman and writer, who characterised Hamilton's creation in 1754 as a "most beautiful farm improvement".^[20][21] William Gilpin, a leading advocate of Picturesque ideals, considered Painshill "one of the most beautiful things of the kind I have seen"^[22] and Thomas Whately, the landscape garden author, wrote that "a boldness of design, and a happiness of execution, attend the wonderful efforts which art has there made to rival nature."^[23] Thomas Jefferson and John Adams, future American presidents, toured the garden in 1786, and Adams wrote in his diary that "Paines Hill is the most striking piece of art that I have yet seen."^[24][25] Other international visitors included Prince Franz of Anhalt-Dessau^[26] and Count Ferenc Széchényi, a Hungarian statesman and founder of the National Museum of Budapest.^[27] Views from Painshill were painted on some pieces of the Frog Service commissioned by Catherine the Great of Russia from Wedgwood.^[28][29][30] In the early 19th century, Jane Austen and John Claudius Loudon visited the garden.^[20][31]

Although Hamilton had received an income while working as Clerk Comptroller to Frederick, Prince of Wales, between 1738 and 1747,^[7][32] he also borrowed money from Henry Hoare and Henry Fox to finance the work at Painshill. The repayment of these loans became due in 1773 and Hamilton was forced to sell the estate to Benjamin Bond Hopkins.^[15][29][c] In around 1778, Hopkins commissioned Richard Jupp to build the current Painshill House to the south-east of Hamilton's residence, which became the site of the stables.^[33][34] Hopkins continued to invest in the park, constructing a bath house and a boat house, as well as planting new trees.^[15] He died in 1794 and, three years later, the trustees of his estate sold Painshill to Robert Hibbert, a merchant.^[15][33]

Following Hamilton's departure in 1773, the subsequent owners had continued to allow visits to the park by members of the public. However, this access was withdrawn by William Moffat, who purchased Painshill from Robert Hibbert in around 1801.^[15][33] Moffat sold the estate in 1805 to Henry Luttrell, 2nd Earl of Carhampton, who moved to the property from Cobham Park. Luttrell was responsible for planting additional trees in several areas, including the Vineyard, the Amphitheatre and along the boundaries of the estate. He also planted an oak tree near the Grotto to commemorate the Battle of Waterloo^[15] and commissioned the construction of the Ice House.^[35] He died in 1821, but his widow continued to live at Painshill until her death in 1831, when it was sold to William Cooper.^[33][36]

Cooper commissioned Decimus Burton to make alterations to Painshill House, reconfiguring the interior, so that the east-facing portico became the main entrance.^[33] Cooper also installed the Waterwheel, manufactured by Bramah, replacing the original horse-operated pump used to raise water from the Mole to the lake.^[37] Cooper died in 1840,^[38] but his widow, Harriet, continued to live at Painshill until her death in 1863.^[39][40] The next owner was Charles Leaf, who bought the property nine years later and commissioned Norman Shaw to make further alterations to Painshill House. Leaf, who sold the estate to Alexander Cushney in 1887,^[39] was responsible for renting Painshill Cottage to Matthew Arnold from 1873.^[41][42] Arnold lived in the cottage until his death in 1888.^[43][44]

Alexander Cushney died in 1903, but his widow, Alice, remained at Painshill and married Charles Combe, who owned Cobham Court.^[45] The Combes were responsible for starting a commercial timber plantation on the estate.^[39] Charles Combe died in 1920,^[46] but Alice Combe continued to live at Painshill until the start of the Second World War, when the park was requisitioned for the use of the Canadian Army.^[39][47] In 1948, 236 acres (96 ha) of Painshill were purchased from the trustees of the Combe estate by the Baroness de Veauce, who divided the land into lots and sold it to separate purchasers.^[18][48][49] Commercial forestry continued and part of the park was used as a pig farm.^[39][47]

In the 1960s, concern about the state of the gardens at Painshill began to grow. A successful campaign was launched in the early 1970s to persuade the Historic Buildings Council for England to list the remaining buildings.^[47] In 1973, the Girl Guides Association opened the Heyswood campsite on land that had originally formed part of the park.^[50] In the middle of the decade, a fire gutted the interior of the Gothic Tower, destroying the roof and staircase.^[51]

Elmbridge Borough Council purchased 43 acres (17 ha) in 1974^[52][53] and secured a further 103 acres (42 ha) in the second half of the decade. In acquiring the land, the council hoped to restore Painshill "as nearly as possible to Charles Hamilton's original design… for the benefit of the public and with the aim of making the Park a self-supporting enterprise."^[54][d]

The Painshill Park Trust was formed in 1981^[56] and began to undertake detailed botanical and archaeological surveys, as well as archive research, to fully understand the layout of Hamilton's park and its subsequent development.^[57] The information gathered was used to prepare a restoration masterplan, which was published in early 1984. The intention of the trust was to have undertaken all major capital works by 1994 and for the restoration to have concluded within 15 years.^[56] The first part of the project was the restoration of the Gothic Temple and the surrounding land, which was completed in 1985.^[47][57] Much of the early work was undertaken by the Manpower Services Commission, students from Merrist Wood Agricultural College and volunteers, including a group from the British Trust for Conservation Volunteers.^[56]

Although an education programme for schoolchildren had been launched at Painshill in 1983,^[58] the park was not opened to the public until mid-May 1989. Visiting hours were restricted to weekends during the summer months, and the lack of a car park prevented full-time opening.^[59][60] A planning application for parking facilities had been submitted in 1984, but local opposition delayed approval until April 1993, when an inspector from the Department of the Environment overruled the objectors.^[61] Lottery funding of £848,000 was secured in mid-1996 to construct the car park and visitor facilities^[62][63] and Painshill was opened seven-days-a-week from April 1997.^[64] In early 1999, Painshill was awarded a Europa Nostra Medal for the "exemplary restoration from a state of extreme neglect, of a most important 18th-century landscape park and its extraordinary buildings."^[65][66]

When Charles Hamilton purchased Painshill in 1737, much of the area was heathland with some areas of woodland. The park was created on two natural terraces to the north of the River Mole^[67] and the acidic soil is primarily sandy with some clay, peat and silt.^[68] Hamilton began by trying to increase the fertility of the land, growing turnips on which sheep could graze.^[69] Lawns were prepared by ploughing four or five times, before each acre (0.4 Ha) was sowed with "six English bushels [around 8 imperial gallons (36 L)] of the cleanest hayseed I could get and ten pounds (4.5 kg) of fresh Dutch clover seed".^[70][e]

Initially Hamilton was restricted to planting native trees, such as oak, elm, lime, beech, ash and chestnut, as well as naturalised pines and cedars.^[72] The Great Cedar, which he planted next to the lake, was around 130 ft tall (40 m) and 10 ft (3.0 m) in diameter in 2010, and is reputed to be the largest multi-stemmed cedar in Europe.^[72][73] In the mid-1740s, he began planting "exotics", non-native species of trees and shrubs, and he received two consignments of plants from John Bartram, a horticulturalist in Philadelphia, in 1748 and 1756.^[13][14] North American species that Hamilton planted include white oaks, tulip trees and Nyssas, which provided a vivid display of autumn colour.^[74] The acacia on Grotto Island is one of the trees that he grew from a seed provided by Bartram.^[14] Hamilton also received plants from the Abbé Nolin in Paris, who was able to source species from the French colonial empire.^[75] The variety of trees was praised by Karl von Zinzendorf, a Saxon-Austrian civil servant, who visited Painshill in the 1760s and who wrote that the park was "premièrement par le choix des arbres".^[76]

Hamilton planted shrubs in several parts of the park. They were used to screen unwanted views and to force paths to take circuitous routes, giving visitors the illusion of greater distance as they moved between different areas.^[77] They were also to provide an appropriate setting for the follies, with darker evergreens providing a solemn backdrop to the Mausoleum, while more decorative species were found around the Temple of Bacchus, which Parnell described as being "dressed and clumped with sweet trees and flowers".^[77] Whitehorn was used to separate Painshill House from the park, and John Claudius Loudon, who visited in 1838, noted that Hamilton had planted some of the first Azalea and Rhododendron species to be imported to England.^[76] In 1756, he built the Walled Garden, a kitchen garden at the east end of the park.^[13]

Bond Hopkins, who purchased Painshill in 1773, continued to plant new trees and also removed those that Hamilton had planted but that had not grown well. Henry Lawes Luttrell, who owned the park between 1805 and his death in 1821, introduced more native species, overplanting the vineyard with Scots pine and creating large areas of oak, sweet chestnut and beech.^[15][39] William Cooper, who acquired Painshill in 1832, introduced several new "exotics", including Wellingtonias, Monterey pines and deodar cedars. In the early 20th century, Charles and Alice Combe planted additional "exotics", but also introduced commercial forestry species, creating plantations of larch, Norway spruce and Douglas fir.^[39]

Detailed botanical research was undertaken at the start of the 1980s, after Painshill had been acquired by Elmbridge Borough Council. A historic tree survey took place in 1981–1982, during which the positions and ages of around 8000 plants were recorded.^[57][78] Around 170 trees were identified that had been planted by Hamilton.^[79] Restoration began with the clearance of 20th-century plantations, as well as areas of scrub where species such as alder had self-seeded.^[30][57] Several large trees were lost during the great storm of 1987, including a 200-year-old oak, which was felled by the high winds.^[54][80] Arboreal restoration was focused on reintroducing species that Hamilton had used at Painshill, with two cedars imported from Pisa, Italy, and other plants provided the Royal Horticultural Society from their nearby garden at Wisley.^[57][81][82] In May 2006, the John Bartram Heritage Collection of "exotics" on the Chinese Peninsula was awarded "national collection status" by the National Council for the Conservation of Plants and Gardens.^[30][83][84]

Painshill (formally called Painshill Park^[18][85]) is a 158-acre (64 ha) park and landscape garden, around 1 mile (1.6 km) west of the centre of Cobham, Surrey.^[29] It is laid out as a 4 mi (6.4 km) circuit, which visitors would follow in a clockwise direction.^[86] It was created as a combined park and garden: The garden, centred on the northern shore of the lake, was highly cultivated and was sometimes described by contemporary writers as the "pleasure ground"; the park lay to the west and to the north, and contained areas of woodland, although parts were also grazed by sheep. The two areas were complementary,^[87] as Thomas Whately wrote in 1770: "park and gardens at Painshill… mutually contribute to the beauty of several landskips [landscapes]…"^[88] An unusual feature is that Painshill House, which is not in public ownership, is not at the centre of the park, and its location provided a degree of privacy for Charles Hamilton and his successors.^[89]

Unlike contemporary gardens at Stourhead and Stowe, Hamilton did not intend Painshill to have a single unifying theme or narrative.^[90] Instead, as Stephanie Ross writes, Hamilton's garden "offered a series of engaging scenes with contrasting emotional tones and carefully composed visual surprises, but did not have a complex meaning that visitors were to puzzle out."^[91] The use of illusion is a key aspect of the design, and the planting was arranged to subtly restrict views across the park, producing a distorted perspective to give the impression of greater distance and scale.^[92] Ross gives the open-sided Gothic Temple as an example of a "managed surprise", from which the vista to the lake and across to the Turkish Tent opens up. She also notes that Painshill, like many 18th-century landscape gardens, cannot be seen in full from a single viewpoint and as a result "the visitor lacks a 'mental map' or sense of the whole."^[93]

Hamilton is thought to have created the 17-acre (6.9 ha) lake by enlarging an existing pond or gravel pit.^[94] It was developed in several stages,^[95] and the final part, the section in front of the Ruined Abbey, was not completed until the early 1770s.^[15][16] The water surface is about 10 ft (3 m) above the River Mole and there is a retaining dam between the two.^[58][96] The lake has a complex shape and cannot be seen in its entirety from any point in the park, which makes it appear larger than it really is.^[97][98] The restoration programme included the removal of islands that had been added after Hamilton had sold the park.^[58]

The Vineyard was planted in the mid-1740s. For the first few years, productivity was low and so Hamilton recruited David Geneste, an experienced vine grower and Huguenot refugee from Clairac, France.^[99][100] Geneste introduced better cultivation methods and the quality of the wine improved as a result. He continued to work at Painshill until 1757. The Vineyard declined thereafter,^[101] and was overplanted with Scots pine in the early 19th century.^[102] Restoration was completed in 1992, when 2+1⁄2 acres (1 ha) of new vines were planted, and the first full grape harvest took place in autumn 1998.^[103][104]

The Amphitheatre is a formal oval lawn surrounded by evergreen trees and shrubs. It was restored in the late 1980s with species recorded on a plan of a similar area at Worksop Manor, drawn by Robert Petre in the late 1730s.^[105][106] It also features a mature cork oak that may have been planted after Hamilton had left Painshill.^[105][107] The Sabine Group, by Ivor Abrahams, is at the east end of the Amphitheatre and was unveiled in 1992. Sculpted in bronze, it depicts a young woman being abducted by a naked male, who is stepping over her protesting father.^{[105][108][109]} The original sculpture in this location, a half-size reproduction in lead of Abduction of a Sabine Woman by Giambologna, was removed from Painshill in the early 1950s, although sources disagree as to whether it was sold or stolen.^[108][110]

The Gothic Temple is a wooden structure, plastered to appear as if made of stone. It overlooks the western half of the lake and provides a panoramic view of the central part of the garden. The structure has ten sides, of which six are open, and the ceiling has a fan vault.^[105][111] The Gothic Temple was the first building at Painshill to be restored. When work started in 1983, it was supported by scaffolding and was close to collapse. The restoration, completed two years later, included the clearance of the hillside between the temple and the lake.^[57]

The Ruined Abbey, on the northern side of the lake, was the last building to be constructed at Painshill by Hamilton and is not part of the circuit. It was built to conceal the unsuccessful brickworks and was completed in the early 1770s.^[112][113] Although it originally had side walls, in its restored condition it consists of a brick façade, plastered to appear made of stone.^[112] Tim Richardson observes that the abbey is "wholly unconvincing either as architectural pastiche or as a genuine ruin", but concedes that it is "effective nevertheless in its stark, limewashed incongruity". He further comments that the structure is "perhaps best enjoyed romantically as a reflection in the stillness of the water."^[113]

The Grotto was constructed in the 1760s by Joseph Lane^[114][115] and is Grade II listed.^[116] It consists of an entrance arch and 60 ft long (18 m) tunnel passageway, leading to a main chamber which is around 36 ft (11 m) in diameter.^[117][118] The walls are built of brick and the roof is timber, but the exterior surfaces are covered with tufa limestone. The interior is decorated with a wide range of crystalline mineral stones, including quartz, feldspar and Blue John.^[115][118] The main chamber is primarily lit by a west-facing opening onto the lake, with light reflecting off the water surface.^[118] By the time the borough council bought Painshill in 1980, the Grotto was derelict and its internal decoration had disappeared.^[118] The roof is thought to have collapsed in the mid-1940s, after the lead flashing was sold to finance VE Day celebrations.^[117] Restoration began with the reinstatement of the Coral Gates in 1986^[119] and was completed in 2013.^[117]

During Hamilton's time, water was transferred from the River Mole to the lake by a horse-operated pump. The current waterwheel was installed in the 1830s, during the ownership of William Cooper,^[37][120] and is Grade II listed.^[121] The 32 ft (9.8 m) diameter undershot wheel was manufactured by Bramah and cost £800 (equivalent to £94,000 in 2023).^[122] Restoration began in 1986 and was completed two years later. Although most of the mechanism had survived, the wheel had not turned since the mid-1950s and was badly rusted.^[58][123]

The Hermitage was built to resemble a treehouse when viewed from the front and is elevated above the sloping ground below. It is divided into a living room and bedroom, with a thatched roof.^[124] Hamilton employed a man to live there as a hermit for a period of seven years, but he was dismissed three weeks later after visiting a local inn.^[125][126] The Hermitage was restored in 2004,^[117] and a new hermit took up temporary residence that year.^[127]

The 60 ft tall (18 m) Gothic Tower is at the far western corner of the park and is Grade II* listed.^[37][128] It is thought to have been inspired by a belvedere at Claremont, designed by John Vanbrugh.^[37][129] The four-storey brick building was originally limewashed^[129] and was used by Hamilton to display part of his collection of sculptures.^[130] The tower was severely damaged by a fire in the mid-1970s, which destroyed the roof and staircase.^[51] The restoration project, begun in 1986 and completed in 1989,^[131][132] provided a tea room and exhibition space, as well as accommodation for a park ranger.^[51]

The Temple of Bacchus was completed in 1762. It was based on the Maison carrée at Nîmes and may have been designed by Robert Adam.^[30][35] It was built with Roman Doric columns and was intended to display the statue of Bacchus that Hamilton is thought to have purchased in Rome in 1727.^[133] Whatley described the temple and its setting in 1770 as "a scene polished to the highest degree of improvement".^[134] The statue was sold to William Beckford in 1792 and passed through several private owners before it was installed at Anglesey Abbey, Cambridgeshire, in 1928.^[135] The columns and frieze were removed from the temple and were relocated to form a new porch at Painshill House in 1925, although the rest of the structure remained standing until the late 1940s.^[133] A cast of the statue of Bacchus was installed at Painshill in 2008,^[135][136] and the Temple of Bacchus was rebuilt in 2018.^[137]

The Turkish Tent was installed at Painshill in around 1760. It was based on a design by Henry Keene and may have been inspired by a similar installation at Vauxhall Gardens.^[138][139] Nebahat Avcioğlu suggests that it represents the legendary Tent of Darius, in which Alexander the Great supposedly freed the women and slaves of Darius III after defeating the Persians in battle.^[138] In contrast, Mavis Collier and David Wrightson argue that Hamilton was simply following a fashionable trend of erecting Oriental-style tents,^[139] and Andrew Zega and Bernd H. Dams note that 18th-century landscape architects built these "inexpensive" structures "prolifically in their gardens, indiscriminately labeling them as Tartar, Turkish, Siamese or Chinese."^[140]

Excavation work in 1985 revealed the brick floor of the first tent, from which dimensions could be calculated. It was not possible to reinstate the structure on its original site, which is now part of the Heyswood campsite, and so the replacement was erected to the south on borough council land.^[51] The current Turkish Tent is a 20 ft tall (6.1 m) rigid structure, supported by a circular brick internal wall and metal stanchions.^[141] The external parts of the new structure are made of fibreglass, instead of the original painted canvas.^[51][141]

The Visitor Centre was designed by the architectural firm, Feilden Clegg Bradley. The timber-clad building, which provides café facilities and a teaching area for schoolchildren, was completed in 2001.^[35][142]

The footbridge over the Mole, between the car park and the Visitor Centre, was completed in mid-July 1997 and includes a drawbridge section to close the park at night.^[143] Designed by Kim Grady, it is built of tubular steel with a splayed arches either side of the deck.^[144] It was part of a project funded by a National Lottery grant, that also included the construction of the ticket office.^[63]

Painshill has been used as a filming location for several television series, including The Adventures of Robin Hood,^[145] Black Mirror,^[146] Good Omens^[147] and Bridgerton.^[148][149] The park was used as a substitute for Hampstead Heath in Dorian Gray, released in 2009,^[150] and was used as a location for Suffragette, released in 2015.^[151]

• 
  A cast of Giambologna's Rape of the Sabines
• 
  The Chinese Bridge
• 
  The cascade
• 
  The Vineyard in winter
• 
  The Alpine Valley contrasts with other areas of the park, and leads up to the Gothic Tower.
• 
  The Gothic Temple is at the end of an avenue of pines and hedges.

• Hagaparken – Copper Tents, Turkish Kiosk, Chinese Pavilion, Haga Echo Temple

• Official website
• Imag(in)e the Garden - History of Painshill