Tityridae is family of suboscine passerine birds found in forest and woodland in the Neotropics. The 45 species in this family were formerly spread over the families Tyrannidae, Pipridae and Cotingidae (see Taxonomy). As yet, no widely accepted common name exists for the family, although tityras and allies and tityras, mourners and allies have been used. They are small to medium-sized birds. Under current classification, the family ranges in size from the buff-throated purpletuft, at 9.5 cm (3.7 in) and 10 grams (0.35 ounces), to the masked tityra, at up to 24 cm (9.5 in) and 88 grams (3.1 ounces).[1][2] Most have relatively short tails and large heads.
Taxonomy and systematics
The family Tityridae (as the subfamily Tityrinae) containing the genera Tityra and Pachyramphus was introduced by the English zoologist George Robert Gray in 1840.[3][4]
Traditionally, the genus Laniocera was included in the family Tyrannidae, the genera Iodopleura, Laniisoma, Tityra, Pachyramphus and Xenopsaris were included in the family Cotingidae, and Schiffornis was included in the family Pipridae. Three of these genera, Tityra, Pachyramphus and Xenopsaris, were later moved to Tyrannidae based on the morphology of their skull and syrinx.[5]
The existence of the family Tityridae (although simply treated as a clade) was first proposed in 1989 based on the morphology of several syringeal and skeletal features.[6] The existence of this family has later been confirmed by multiple studies involving both mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA.[7][8][9][10][11]
The cladogram below shows the phylogenetic relationships in the parvorder Tyrannida. It is based on the study by Carl Oliveros and collaborators published in 2019 and the study by Michael Harvey and collaborators that was published in 2020.[12][13] The families and species numbers are from the list maintained by the International Ornithologists' Union (IOC).[14]
| Tyrannida |
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Species
The family contains 37 species divided into 7 genera:[14]
| Image | Genus | Living Species |
|---|---|---|
 |
Tityra Vieillot, 1816 |
|
 |
Schiffornis Bonaparte, 1854 |
|
 |
Laniocera Lesson, 1841 |
|
 |
Iodopleura Lesson, 1839 |
|
 |
Laniisoma Swainson, 1832 |
|
 |
Xenopsaris Ridgway, 1891 |
|
 |
Pachyramphus Gould & G.R. Gray, 1839 |
|
References
- ^ Snow, D.; Sharpe, C.J. (2018). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). "Buff-throated Purpletuft (Iodopleura pipra)". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
- ^ Mobley, J.; de Juana, E. (2018). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). "Masked Tityra (Tityra semifasciata)". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
- ^ Gray, George Robert (1840). A List of the Genera of Birds : with an indication of the typical species of each genus. London: R. and J.E. Taylor. p. 31.
- ^ Bock, Walter J. (1994). "History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History (222). New York: American Museum of Natural History: 149, 237. hdl:2246/830.
- ^ Ames, P.L. (March 1971). The Morphology of the Syrinx in Passerine Birds (PDF). Peabody Museum Bulletin. Vol. 37. New Haven, Connecticut, USA: Peabody Museum of Natural History. pp. 95–97. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-25.
- ^ Prum, R.O.; Lanyon, W.E. (1989). "Monophyly and phylogeny of the Schiffornis group (Tyrannoidea)" (PDF). Condor. 91 (2): 444–461. doi:10.2307/1368323. JSTOR 1368323.
- ^ Ericson, P.G.P.; Zuccon, D.; Johansson, U.S.; Alvarenga, H.; Prum, R.O. (2006). "Higher-level phylogeny and morphological evolution of tyrant flycatchers, cotingas, manakins, and their allies (Aves: Tyrannida)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 40 (2): 471–483. Bibcode:2006MolPE..40..471E. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.03.031. PMID 16678446.
- ^ Ohlson, J.I.; Prum, R.O.; Ericson, P.G.P. (2007). "A molecular phylogeny of the cotingas (Aves: Cotingidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 42 (1): 25–37. Bibcode:2007MolPE..42...25O. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.041. PMID 16876441.
- ^ Chesser, R.T. (2004). "Molecular systematics of New World suboscine birds". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 32 (1): 11–24. Bibcode:2004MolPE..32...11C. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.11.015. PMID 15186793.
- ^ Johansson, U.S.; Irestedt, M.; Parsons, T.J.; Ericson, P.G.P. (2002). "Basal phylogeny of the Tyrannoidea based on comparisons of cytochrome b and exons of nuclear c-myc and RAG-1 genes" (PDF). Auk. 119 (4): 984–995. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[0984:BPOTTB]2.0.CO;2.
- ^ Prum, R.O.; Rice, N.H.; Mobley, J.A.; Dimmick, W.W. (2000). "A preliminary phylogenetic hypothesis for the cotingas (Cotingidae) based on mitochondrial DNA" (PDF). Auk. 117 (1): 236–241. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0236:APPHFT]2.0.CO;2.
- ^ Oliveros, C.H.; et al. (2019). "Earth history and the passerine superradiation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States. 116 (16): 7916–7925. doi:10.1073/pnas.1813206116. hdl:1808/30907.
- ^ Harvey, M.G.; et al. (2020). "The evolution of a tropical biodiversity hotspot". Science. 370 (6522): 1343–1348. doi:10.1126/science.aaz6970. A high resolution version of the phylogenetic tree in Figure 1 is available from the first author's website here.
- ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (February 2025). "Cotingas, manakins, tityras, becards". IOC World Bird List Version 15.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 14 March 2025.
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