Charlier may refer to:

• Anna Charlier, fiancée of North pole explorer Nils Strindberg
• Carl Charlier (1862–1934), Swedish astronomer
• Cédric Charlier, Belgian field hockey player
• Guillaume Charlier (1854–1925), Belgian sculptor
• Henri Charlier (1883–1975), French painter and sculptor
• Jean-Joseph Charlier (1794–1886), Belgian artisan and revolutionary
• Jean-Michel Charlier (1924–1989), Belgian scriptwriter and comic book author
• Joseph Charlier (1816–1896), Belgian self-described jurist, writer, accountant and merchant
• Léopold Charlier (1867–1936), Belgian violinist and music teacher
• Olivier Charlier (born 1961), French violinist
• Philippe Charlier (born 1977), French coroner, forensic pathologist and paleopathologist
• Roger Charlier (1921–2018), Belgian Second World War resistance fighter, member of the prosecuting team at the Nuremberg trials and oceanographer

• Charlier (lunar crater) named after Carl Charlier
• Charlier (Martian crater) named after Carl Charlier
• Charlier Museum, an art museum in Brussels, Belgium
• Charlier polynomials introduced by Carl Charlier

• Charlier Cut, a method of cutting a deck of cards with one hand