The Armenians in Abkhazia form the second largest ethnic group in Abkhazia after the native Abkhazians.[2] Armenians settled in Abkhazia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and are now the largest ethnic group in Sukhumi, Gulripshi and Gagra Districts forming 20% of the Abkhazian population with approximately 42,000 out of a total of 242,862.[3]
History
Although a few Armenians lived in Abkhazia in the Middle Ages, significant Armenian immigration to Abkhazia began in the late 19th century when much of Abkhazia became depopulated due to the exodus of many Abkhaz of Muslim descent to the Ottoman Empire after the Russian crackdown on the rebellion in Abkhazia; at the same time anti-Armenian pogroms started in Turkey and the attitude of the Porte towards its Armenian subjects became increasingly more brutal.[4] More Armenians came to Abkhazia in the 1910s fleeing the Armenian genocide.[4]
During the 1992–1993 War in Abkhazia most of the Armenians[5] remained neutral for a long time, but as Georgian attacks on their settlements increased, they increasingly opted to support Abkhazians[6][7][8] and many fought on their side. Armenians made up a quarter of the Abkhaz army; twenty Armenians were awarded the title of Abkhazian Hero and 242 were killed in battle. Armenian population declined after the war as many Armenians left the country (mainly for Russia and Armenia) due to the economic hardships. Armenians have become the largest ethnic group in Sukhumi, Gulripshi and Gagra Districts following the displacement of ethnic Georgians from these areas.
Demography
The earliest reliable records for Abkhazia are the Family Lists compiled in 1886 (published 1893 in Tbilisi), according to which the Sukhum District's population was 69,000 of which 28,000 were Abkhaz. The Armenians in that list totalled 1,090.
According to the 1897 census there were 58,697 people in Abkhazia who listed Abkhaz as their mother tongue.[9] There were about 1,500 Armenians in the Sukhumi district (Abkhazia) at that time; its total population was nearly 100,000.[10]
- Armenians in Abkhazia by districts in 2011[1]
| District (or city) | Armenians | % | Total population |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gagra | 15,422 | 38.3 | 40,217 |
| Gulripshi District (excluding Kodori Valley) | 8,430 | 46.8 | 18,032 |
| Sukhumi District | 6,467 | 56.1 | 11,531 |
| City of Sukhumi | 6,192 | 9.8 | 62,914 |
| Gudauta | 3,667 | 10 | 36,775 |
| Ochamchira | 1,647 | 6.6 | 24,868 |
| Tkvarcheli | 56 | 0.3 | 16,012 |
| Gali | 26 | 0.1 | 30,356 |
| Abkhazia | 41,907 | 17.4 | 240,705 |
The Russian, Armenian and Georgian population grew faster than Abkhaz, due to the large-scale migration enforced especially during the rule of Joseph Stalin and Lavrentiy Beria.
The following table summarises the results of the other censuses carried out in Abkhazia.
| Year | Armenians | Total |
|---|---|---|
| 1926 | 13.8% (25,677) | 186,004 |
| 1939 | 15.9% (49,705) | 311,885 |
| 1959 | 15.9% (64,425) | 404,738 |
| 1970 | 15.4% (74,850) | 486,959 |
| 1979 | 15.1% (73,350) | 486,082 |
| 1989 | 14.6% (76,541) | 525,061 |
| 2003 *** | 20.8% (44,870) | 215,972 |
| 2011 | 17.4% (41,907) | 240,705 |
^*** [11] The Georgian authorities did not acknowledge the results of this census and consider it illegitimate. At the same time, the Abkhaz authorities have been accused by local Armenian NGOs of intentionally decreasing the number of Abkhazian-Armenians.[12]
Language
The majority of Armenians in Abkhazia speak the Homshetsi dialect of Armenian, which is sometimes written in the Cyrillic script. Additionally schools in Abkhazia teach both Western and Eastern varieties of Armenian.[13] Though many people tend to speak Russian outside the home.[14]
Religion
Armenians in Abkhazia are predominantly followers of the Armenian Apostolic Church. In 1992 the Chapel of St. Hripsime (Armenian: Սուրբ Հռիփսիմե մատուռ) was built in Gagra and in 2013 The Holy Savior Church of Gagra (Armenian: Գագրայի Սուրբ Ամենափրկիչ եկեղեցի ) was opened, which is a cathedral of the Armenian Apostolic Church. Sizable segment of Armenians also profess Eastern Orthodoxy, due to the lack of Armenian churches in Abkhazia during the Soviet period.[15] A small minority of Catholic Armenians also exists.[13]
Politics
There are ethnic Armenians in the People's Assembly of Abkhazia and Armenian-language schools in Abkhazia.[4] However, Armenians are under-represented in the Assembly as the number of the parliamentarians of this ethnicity is less than their share in the republic population.[16] The Council of Armenian Community of Abkhazia has complained over "negative attitude to Armenian population" and has expressed concerns over the distribution of anti-Armenian leaflets, as well as an attempt of sabotage at a Sukhumi Armenian secondary school in 2006.[17]
In 2007, the Georgian media began running several stories on the parliamentary elections in Abkhazia, claiming that ethnic Armenians in the area, who make up roughly 20% of the local population, would be controlling the elections.[18]
Further reading
See also
- Bagramyan Battalion
- The Armenian community of Abkhazia
- Suren Kerselyan
- Galust Trapizonyan
- Albert Ovsepyan
- Sergei Matosyan
References
- ^ a b "Population of Abkhazia". www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2024-12-21.
- ^ Georgia Offers Citizenship to Diaspora. IWPR. CRS No. 314, 10-Nov-05; V.A. Chirikba. Armenians and their Dialects in Abkhazia. In: Evidence and Counter-Evidence, Festschrift Frederik Kortlandt, Volume 2, SSGL 33, Amsterdam – New York: Rodopi, p. 51-67.
- ^ "Georgia". Citypopulation. 2012-01-01. Retrieved 2012-12-20.
- ^ a b c Л.С. Ланда (L. S. Landa), Амшенские армяне Абхазии: фрагменты истории (Hamshen Armenians of Abkhazia, fragments of history), Материалы VII Молодежной научной конференции по проблемам философии, религии, культуры Востока. Серия “Symposium”. Выпуск 33. СПб.: Санкт-Петербургское философское общество, 2004. C.106–108)
- ^ Helen Krag and Lars Funch. The North Caucasus: Minorities at a Crossroads. (Manchester, December 1994)
- ^ Abkhazia Today. Archived May 10, 2007, at the Wayback Machine The International Crisis Group Europe Report N°176, 15 September 2006, page 5. Retrieved on May 30, 2007. Free registration needed to view full report
- ^ AGBU, ABKHAZIA ARMENIANS: HOLDING A HOME IN AN UNSTABLE TERRITORY Archived 2007-10-17 at the Wayback Machine, 11/1/2004
- ^ The Security of the Caspian Sea Region pg 286 by Alexander Kyrlov edited by Genadi Chufrin
- ^ 1-я Всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. Кутаисская губерния. Спб: 1905. С. 32б retrieved from "АБХАЗИЯ-1992: ПОСТОКОММУНИСТИЧЕСКАЯ ВАНДЕЯ" by Svetlana Chervonnaya.
- ^ Sukhum in Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian)
- ^ 2003 Census statistics (in Russian)
- ^ The authorities in Abkhazia intentionally decrease the number of Armenians Archived May 31, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Public Radio of Armenia. February 2, 2006.
- ^ a b Chirikba, V.A. (2008). "Armenians and Their Dialects in Abkhazia". Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics. 33: 51–67. ISSN 0169-0124.
- ^ Caucaso, Osservatorio Balcani e. "Abkhazia's Armenians, multilingualism is the future". OBC Transeuropa (in Italian). Retrieved 2025-03-18.
- ^ Шария, Виталий (24 December 2010). "Страсти вокруг апостольской..." Эхо Кавказа. p. 1. Archived from the original on 24 January 2025. Retrieved 14 March 2025.
- ^ Abkhazia Today. Archived May 10, 2007, at the Wayback Machine The International Crisis Group Europe Report N°176, 15 September 2006, page 10. Retrieved on 30 May 2007. Free registration needed to view full report
- ^ ARMENIAN COMMUNITY OF ABKHAZIA CONCERNED OVER NEGATIVE ATTITUDE TO ARMENIAN POPULATION Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine. armtwon.com. January 16, 2006.
- ^ "Армянский вопрос" в Абхазии глазами грузинских СМИ, Regnum
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