3-Aminoisobutyric acid (also known as β-aminoisobutyric acid or BAIBA) is a product formed by the catabolism of thymine.
During exercise, the increase of PGC-1α protein triggers the secretion of BAIBA from exercising muscles into the blood (concentration 2 to 3 μM in human serum). When BAIBA reaches white fat tissue, it activates the expression of thermogenic genes via PPARα receptors, resulting in browning of white fat cells.[1] One of the consequences of BAIBA activity is increased background metabolism of BAIBA target cells.
BAIBA is thought to play a number of roles in cell metabolism, regulation of fat burning, and regulation of insulin, blood triglycerides, and total cholesterol.[2][3][4]
BAIBA is found as a normal metabolite of skeletal muscle. Its plasma concentrations are increased by exercise. The increased production is likely a result of enhanced mitochondrial activity, as this increase is also observed in muscle of PGC-1a overexpression mice. BAIBA is a proposed protective factor against metabolic disorders since it can induce brown fat function.[1]
See also
- β-Alanine – chemical compound
- beta-Hydroxy beta-methylbutyric acid (HMB) – Chemical compound
- GABA – Main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain
- MB-3 (drug) – Chemical compound
References
- ^ a b Roberts LD, Boström P, O'Sullivan JF, Schinzel RT, Lewis GD, Dejam A, et al. (7 January 2014). "β-Aminoisobutyric acid induces browning of white fat and hepatic β-oxidation and is inversely correlated with cardiometabolic risk factors". Cell Metabolism. 19 (1): 96–108. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2013.12.003. PMC 4017355. PMID 24411942.
- ^ Begriche K, Massart J, Fromenty B (June 2010). "Effects of β-aminoisobutyric acid on leptin production and lipid homeostasis: mechanisms and possible relevance for the prevention of obesity". Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology. 24 (3): 269–82. doi:10.1111/j.1472-8206.2009.00765.x. PMID 19735301. S2CID 2520238.
- ^ Ibrahim A, Neinast M, Arany ZP (June 2017). "Myobolites: muscle-derived metabolites with paracrine and systemic effects". Current Opinion in Pharmacology. 34: 15–20. doi:10.1016/j.coph.2017.03.007. PMC 5651206. PMID 28441626.
- ^ Tanianskii DA, Jarzebska N, Birkenfeld AL, O'Sullivan JF, Rodionov RN (February 2019). "Beta-Aminoisobutyric Acid as a Novel Regulator of Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism". Nutrients. 11 (3): 524. doi:10.3390/nu11030524. PMC 6470580. PMID 30823446.