Capital punishment by country
Retain capital punishment and have used it in the last ten years
Retain capital punishment but have not used it in the last ten years
Retain capital punishment only in extraordinary circumstances (such as for treason, military offences, or offences committed during wartime) and have not used it in at least twelve years
Have fully abolished capital punishment
Capital punishment, also called the death penalty, is the state-sanctioned killing of a person as a punishment for a crime. It has historically been used in almost every part of the world. Since the mid-1800s, many countries have abolished or discontinued the practice.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] In 2024, the five countries that are known to have executed the most people were, in descending order, China (1,000+), Iran (972+), Saudi Arabia (345+), Iraq (63+), and Yemen (38+).[8]
The 193 United Nations member states and the 2 observer states fall into four categories based on their use of capital punishment. As of 2024:[9]
- 54 retain capital punishment and have used it in the last ten years.
- 23 retain capital punishment but have not used it in the last ten years and are believed to have a policy of not carrying out executions or have made a commitment not to do so.
- 9 retain capital punishment only in extraordinary circumstances (such as for treason, military offences, or offences committed during wartime) and have not used it in the last twelve years.
- 113 have fully abolished capital punishment.
In addition, the non-UN member state Kosovo has fully abolished capital punishment, whereas the non-UN member state Taiwan actively retains capital punishment.[9]
From 2010 to 2019, 5 countries (Iran, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and South Sudan) were recorded to have executed offenders who were minors (under 18) when the offence was committed, which is a breach of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (ratified by all countries except the United States).[10][11][12] This ended in 2020 by royal decree in Saudi Arabia.[13]
Global overview
Africa
Of the 54 UN member states located within Africa, 24 have fully abolished capital punishment, 4 retain capital punishment only in extraordinary circumstances (such as for treason, military offences, or offences committed during wartime), 21 retain capital punishment but have not used it in at least ten years, and 5 actively retain capital punishment.
In 2018, Burkina Faso repealed capital punishment for ordinary (non-state) crimes, and Gambia announced a moratorium as a first step towards abolition.[14] Sierra Leone fully abolished capital punishment in 2021, as did the Central African Republic in 2022, followed by Zambia in 2023.[15][16][17][18]
Americas
Of the 35 UN member states located within the Americas, 16 have fully abolished capital punishment, 5 retain capital punishment only in extraordinary circumstances (such as for treason, military offences, or offences committed during wartime), 13 retain capital punishment but have not used it in at least ten years, and 1 actively retains capital punishment.
Since 2008, the United States has been the only country in the Americas (and therefore also North America) to carry out executions. Capital punishment is legal in the federal government, military, 27 states (of which only 16 are considered retentionists; 7 are under moratoria and 4 are abolitionists-in-practice with no executions in over ten years), and 1 territory (American Samoa; considered an abolitionist-in-practice with no executions since 1939). Canada and Mexico have both fully abolished capital punishment. In the Caribbean, capital punishment has only been fully abolished by the Dominican Republic and Haiti (1969 and 1987, respectively). All other Caribbean countries are considered abolitionists-in-practice. In Central and South America, capital punishment has mostly been fully abolished, with the exceptions of Guatemala, El Salvador, Brazil, Peru, and Chile, which retain capital punishment in extraordinary circumstances (generally being for treason, military crimes, or crimes during wartime), and Belize and Guyana, which are both considered abolitionists-in-practice.
Asia
Of the 47 UN member states and 1 UN observer state located within Asia, 15 have fully abolished capital punishment, 1 retains capital punishment only in extraordinary circumstances (such as for treason, military offences, or offences committed during wartime), 9 retain capital punishment but have not used it in at least ten years, and 23 actively retain capital punishment.
China is the world's most prolific executioner; according to Amnesty International, China executes more people than the rest of the world combined each year,[19] but this does not apply in Hong Kong and Macau, since both special administrative regions have abolished capital punishment.[20]
India occasionally executes criminals, carrying out just 30 executions from 1991 to 2020.[21] India most recently executed 4 perpetrators of a gang rape and murder case in March 2020.[22]
Japan sometimes executes criminals, carrying out 134 executions since 1993. Japan most recently executed Takahiro Shiraishi in June 2025.[23]
According to a 2017 report by the National Human Rights Commission from Burma, over 700 prisoners had their death sentences commuted to life imprisonment.[24]
Singapore resumed executions in March 2022 after a two-year moratorium due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Singapore came under scrutiny for executing drug traffickers in several high-profile cases, including Nagaenthran Dharmalingam who was hanged in April 2022,[25] and Tangaraju Suppiah who was hanged in April 2023.[26] In July 2023, a convicted drug trafficker named Saridewi binte Djamani was executed, becoming the first female offender hanged in Singapore in 19 years, after the 2004 hanging of Yen May Woen.[27] Singapore's first execution for murder since 2019 was carried out in February 2024, when Bangladeshi painter Ahmed Salim was hanged for murdering his ex-girlfriend in 2018.[28]
Indonesia occasionally executes prisoners, and while it has rarely done so in cases of murder, Indonesia has some of the most stringent narcotics laws in the world, so it is often used for drug traffickers. In June 2025, a trial for three British citizens, following a deal to trade approximately one kilogram of cocaine, sees the accused potentially facing capital punishment.[29]
Europe
Of the 43 UN member states and 1 UN observer state located within Europe, 42 have fully abolished capital punishment, 0 retain capital punishment only in extraordinary circumstances (such as for treason, military offences, or offences committed during wartime), 1 retains capital punishment but has not used it in at least ten years, and 1 actively retains capital punishment.
The European Union holds a strong position against capital punishment; its abolition is a key objective for the Union's human rights policy. Abolition is a pre-condition for membership in the European Union. In Europe, only Belarus continues to actively use capital punishment.[30][31][32][33]
Capital punishment has been completely abolished in all European countries except for Belarus and Russia, the latter of which has a moratorium and has not conducted an execution since 1996. The absolute ban on capital punishment is enshrined in both the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (EU) and two widely adopted protocols of the European Convention on Human Rights of the Council of Europe, and is thus considered a central value. Of all present European countries, San Marino, Portugal and the Netherlands were the first to abolish capital punishment; Romania banned it even earlier in 1864, but it was later reintroduced from 1936 to 1990 during the dictatorial and communist eras; in Italy the nationwide ban on capital punishment dates from 1889 (it had previously not been in force in Tuscany alone since 1859, and even earlier for short periods starting from 1786), but it was then reintroduced during the fascist regime. The last execution in the United Kingdom took place in England in 1964, however the last sentence was passed nine years later (officially abolished in 1998). In 2012, Latvia became the most recent European country to abolish capital punishment.[34]
Post-Soviet states
Russia retains the death penalty in law, but there has been a moratorium since 1996, making it de facto abolitionist. The last executions on Russian territory were carried out in 1999 in Chechnya, "which de facto was not then under control of the Russian Federation".[35] Of the other former Soviet republics, only Belarus and Tajikistan have not formally abolished capital punishment, and only Belarus uses it in practice. In 2000, Ukraine abolished capital punishment.[36][37]
Oceania
Of the 14 UN member states located within Oceania, 13 have fully abolished capital punishment, 0 retain capital punishment only in extraordinary circumstances (such as for treason, military offences, or offences committed during wartime), 1 retains capital punishment but has not used it in at least ten years, and 0 actively retain capital punishment.
The last UN member state that has not yet fully abolished capital punishment is Tonga, which has not used it since 1982 and is therefore an abolitionist-in-practice.
Human Development Index
There are 73 sovereign states with a very high human development according to the 2023 Human Development Index list.[38] Of these:
- 11 (15.07 %) actively retain capital punishment: Bahrain, Belarus, Japan, Kuwait, Malaysia, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, the United Arab Emirates, and the United States.
- 8 (10.96 %) permit its use, but have not used it for at least 10 years and are believed to have a policy or established practice of not carrying out executions: Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas, Barbados, Brunei, Russia, Saint Christopher and Nevis, South Korea, and Trinidad and Tobago.
- 2 (2.74 %) have abolished it for all crimes except those committed under exceptional circumstances (such as during war): Chile and Israel.
- 52 (71.23 %) have completely abolished it: Albania, Andorra, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, Mauritius, Montenegro, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Panama, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Serbia, Seychelles, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and Uruguay.
Singapore has both the highest Human Development Index and planetary pressures–adjusted HDI of all the countries that retain capital punishment, while the United Arab Emirates has the highest inequality-adjusted HDI.
Advanced economies
As of 2022, 33 of the 37 UN member states that are classified by the IMF as advanced economies[39] have fully abolished capital punishment. The United States, Japan, and Singapore actively retain capital punishment and Israel retains capital punishment crimes only in extraordinary circumstances (such as for treason, military offences, or offences committed during wartime).
Executions in 2024
Fifteen UN member states were recorded to have performed executions in 2024:[40]
- Americas (1 country): United States (25)
- Asia (12 countries): China (1 000s), Iran (972+), Saudi Arabia (345+), Iraq (63+), Yemen (38+), Singapore (9), Kuwait (6), Oman (3), Afghanistan (unknown), North Korea (unknown), Syria (unknown), Vietnam (unknown)
- Africa (2 countries): Somalia (34+), Egypt (13)
Precise numbers are unavailable for some countries, so the total number of executions is unknown.
Capital punishment by continents
Retain capital punishment in law and have used it in the last ten years
Retain capital punishment in law but have not used it in the last ten years
Retain capital punishment only in extraordinary circumstances (such as for treason, military offences, or offences committed during wartime) and have not used it in the last twelve years
Have fully abolished capital punishment
Africa
There are 54 United Nations member states in Africa. Of these:
- 5 (9.26 %) retain capital punishment and have used it in the last ten years.
- 21 (38.89 %) retain capital punishment but have not used it in the last ten years, and believed to have a policy of not carrying out executions or have made a commitment not to do so.
- 4 (7.41 %) retain capital punishment only in extraordinary circumstances (such as for treason, military offences, or offences committed during wartime) and have not used it in the last twelve years.
- 24 (44.44 %) have fully abolished capital punishment.
The countries in Africa that most recently abolished the death penalty are Zambia (2023), Central African Republic (2022), and Sierra Leone (2021).
Executions in Africa in 2024: Somalia (34+), Egypt (13).[41][42]
Retained in law and used in the last ten years
Retained in law but not used in the last ten years
Retained only in extraordinary circumstances (such as for treason, military offences, or offences committed during wartime) and have not used it in the last ten years
Fully abolished
| Key | Country
|
Last execution | Executions in 2024 | Year abolished | Notes
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Algeria
|
1993 | N/A | Firing squad, shooting. Capital punishment for treason; espionage; aggravated murder; destruction of territory; sabotage of public and economic utilities; counterfeiting; terrorism; torture; kidnapping; aggravated theft; some military offences; attempting a capital offence; some cases of recidivism; capital perjury.[43] Currently under a moratorium. On 20 December 2012, Algeria co-sponsored and voted in favour of the Resolution on a Moratorium on the Use of the Death Penalty at the UN General Assembly.[44] | ||
 Angola
|
1977[45] | 1992 | Abolished in 1992 by the constitution. | ||
 Benin
|
1987 | 2012 | On 6 July 2012, Benin acceded to the Second Additional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights which makes Benin abolitionist.[46] The decision was upheld by the Constitutional Court in January 2016 although capital punishment is still present in statutes.[47] | ||
 Botswana
|
2021[48] | N/A | Hanging. Capital punishment for murder; espionage; treason; attempted murder of the head of state; mutiny; desertion in the face of the enemy; aggravated piracy; terrorism. Persons excused from capital punishment are pregnant women, teenagers who were younger than 18 at time of crime, and the mentally ill.[49] | ||
 Burkina Faso
|
1988 | 2018 Civilian crimes.
N/A Military. [50] |
Capital punishment for war crimes. Abolished for other offences in 2018.[51] | ||
 Burundi
|
2000[52] | 2009[53] | Abolished in 2009. | ||
 Cameroon
|
1997[54] | N/A | Hanging, firing squad, shooting. Capital punishment for secession; espionage; treason; terrorism; aggravated murder; robbery; attempt of a capital crime; conspiracy to commit a capital crime; plundering by gangs using force during times of war; incitement to war.[55][56] In February 2014, the President of the Republic, Paul Biya, commuted all condemned prisoners to life.[57] However, death sentences have continued to be handed down as of 2016.[58] | ||
 Cape Verde
|
*None since independence in 1975 (1835, before independence) | 1981 | Last execution was in 1835 when Cape Verde was a colony of Portugal. Abolished in 1981 by the constitution. | ||
 Central African Republic
|
1981 | 2022 | Abolished in 2022.[59] | ||
 Chad
|
2015[60] | 2020 | Capital punishment was abolished in 2014,[61] but then reintroduced the following year for terrorism.[62] In April 2020, Chad's parliament unanimously re-abolished capital punishment.[63][64] | ||
 Comoros
|
1997[65] | N/A |
Firing squad. Capital punishment for murder; torture; aggravated rape.[66] Persons excluded from capital punishment are pregnant women, women with small children, offenders under 18 at the time of the crime, and the mentally ill. | ||
 Congo, Republic of the
|
1982 | 2015[67] | Abolished in 2015 by the constitution. | ||
 Congo, Democratic Republic of the
|
2003[68] | N/A | Hanging, shooting. Capital punishment for murder; treason; terrorism; armed robbery; drug trafficking; espionage; misappropriation by a public prosecutor of seized or confiscated goods in time of war; military offences; war crimes; crimes against humanity.[69] | ||
 Djibouti
|
*None since independence in 1977 | 1995 | Abolished in 1995. | ||
 Egypt
|
2024[70] | 13+ | N/A | Hanging and firing squad. Capital punishment for treason; murder; terrorism; espionage; aggravated rape; drug trafficking; capital perjury.[71] Excused from death are: women with small children, pregnant women, teenagers who were under 18 at the time of the crime, and the mentally ill.[72] Since 2015, there have been reports of at least 354 executions; however, numbers are unreliable due to the government's secrecy. | |
 Equatorial Guinea
|
2014[73] | 2022 Civilian crimes.
N/A Military. |
On 19 September 2022, President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo signed a new penal code into law that abolished the death penalty for most crimes; however, statutes still permit capital punishment for some military offences.[74][75] | ||
 Eritrea
|
1989 | N/A | Hanging, shooting. Capital punishment for treason; espionage; murder; armed robbery; economic crimes; military offences; war crimes; genocide. At least one execution may have been carried out between 1999 and 2008, but this remains unconfirmed.[76] | ||
 Eswatini
|
1983[77] | N/A | Capital punishment for murder;[78] treason. | ||
 Ethiopia
|
2007[79] | N/A | Firing squad. Capital punishment for treason; terrorism; espionage; murder; aggravated robbery; some economic crimes; certain military offences; war crimes; genocide; attempted capital offences.[80] | ||
 Gabon
|
1985[81] | 2010[82] | Abolished in 2010. | ||
 Gambia
|
2012[83] | N/A | Hanging, firing squad. Capital punishment for treason; murder; terrorism.[84] Capital punishment was abolished in 1993 but was reinstated by Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council in August 1995[85] In February 2018, Gambia announced a moratorium on the death penalty.[86] In September 2018, it ratified the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. In May 2019, it commuted 22 death sentences to life imprisonment.[87] | ||
 Ghana
|
1993 | 2023 Civilian crimes.
N/A Military. |
Firing squad, hanging. Capital punishment for treason. In 2023, the parliament voted to abolish capital punishment for all other crimes.[88] The repeal of is not retroactive; at least one death sentence was handed down after abolition for a conviction secured before the repeal went into effect.[89] | ||
 Guinea
|
2001[90] | 2017 | Abolished 2016 for ordinary crimes,[clarification needed] 2017 for all crimes.[91] | ||
 Guinea-Bissau
|
1986 | 1993 | Abolished 1993 by the constitution. | ||
 Ivory Coast
|
*None since independence in 1960[85] | 2000 | |||
 Kenya
|
1987 | N/A | Hanging. Capital punishment for terrorism; treason; murder; armed robbery;[92]; military offences; capital perjury.[93] On 3 August 2009, the death sentences of all 4 000 death row inmates were commuted to life imprisonment, and government studies were ordered to determine if the death penalty has any impact on crime. In 2017 the Supreme Court of Kenya struck down mandatory capital punishment as unconstitutional. | ||
 Lesotho
|
1995[94] | N/A | Hanging. Capital punishment for murder; treason; rape; military offences.[95] | ||
 Liberia
|
2000[96] | N/A | Hanging. Capital punishment for aggravated murder; armed robbery; terrorism; aircraft hijacking; treason; espionage.[97] Liberia acceded to the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, abolishing the death penalty, on 16 September 2005; it reintroduced elements of it in July 2008.[98][99] | ||
 Libya
|
2010[100][101] | N/A | Firing squad. Capital punishment for treason; aggravated murder; terrorism; drug trafficking; espionage; military offences.[102][103] Extrajudicial killings are commonplace in Libya.[104] Amnesty International said that Libyan human rights organizations reported 31 executions from 2018 and 2020, but this is not confirmed.[105] | ||
 Madagascar
|
*None since independence in 1960 (1958, before independence) | 2014 | Abolished in 2014.[106] Earlier, on 24 September 2012, Madagascar had signed the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.[107] | ||
 Malawi
|
1992[108] | N/A | Hanging. Capital punishment for murder; rape; aggravated robbery; burglary; treason; military offences.[109] Capital punishment was briefly abolished in 2021, but reinstated the same year. | ||
 Mali
|
1980 | N/A | Firing squad. Capital punishment for aggravated murder; terrorism; aggravated robbery; arson; kidnapping; treason; espionage; certain military offences; crimes against humanity; torture; attempt of a capital crime.[110] Currently, no individual has been executed since 1980, making Mali a de facto abolitionist country. | ||
 Mauritania
|
1987 | N/A | Capital punishment for homosexuality, sodomy,[111] apostasy[112] (no recorded executions), blasphemy,[113] adultery, murder, terrorism, torture, rape, armed robbery, attempted armed robbery, arson, accomplice to a capital crime, espionage, treason, capital perjury.[114] | ||
 Mauritius
|
1987 | 1995 | |||
 Morocco
|
1993 | N/A | Capital punishment for terrorism,[92] treason, espionage, corruption, perjury causing wrongful execution and aggravated murder.[115] In December 2013, a parliamentary opposition group filed a bill to abolish capital punishment in Morocco. The MP who introduced the bill said he was "optimistic" about the bill passing "in view of the current reform movement in Morocco".[116] | ||
 Mozambique
|
1986 | 1990 | Abolished in 1990 by the constitution. | ||
 Namibia
|
*None since independence in 1990 (1988, before independence) | 1990 | Last execution when occupied by South Africa was in 1988. Abolished in 1990 by the constitution. | ||
 Niger
|
1976 | N/A | Firing squad. Capital punishment for aggravated murder; terrorism; robbery; treason; espionage; genocide; crimes against humanity; torture; human trafficking; harbouring fugitives; capital perjury; attempt of a capital crime; some recidivism.[117] Abolitionist de facto as the last execution took place in 1976. | ||
 Nigeria
|
2016[118] | N/A |
Capital punishment for murder; treason; rape; robbery; incest; assisting the suicide of a person legally unable to consent; capital perjury; terrorism; some military offences; kidnapping.[119][120]. | ||
 Rwanda
|
1998 | 2007[121] | Abolished in 2007. | ||
 São Tomé and Príncipe
|
*None since independence in 1975 | 1990 | Abolished in 1990 by the constitution. | ||
 Senegal
|
1967 | 2004 | |||
 Seychelles
|
*None since independence in 1976 | 1993 | Abolished in 1993 by the constitution. | ||
 Sierra Leone
|
1998 | 2021[122] | Abolished in 2021. | ||
 Somalia
|
2024[123] | 34+ | N/A | Hanging, firing squad or stoning. Somalia is the only African state that carries out public executions. The Transitional Federal Government laws allowed for execution (in the limited area of the country it used to control) for murder, terrorism, treason, espionage, homosexuality, some military offences, blasphemy, apostasy and adultery. | |
 South Africa
|
1989 | 1995 | The last execution by the South African government was on 14 November 1989. Capital punishment was declared unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court on 6 June 1995 in the case of S v Makwanyane and Another. In 1997 the Criminal Law Amendment Act formally removed the invalidated provisions from statutes, and made provision for the resentencing of prisoners previously sentenced to death.[124] On 25 May 2005, the Constitutional Court ordered that all remaining death sentences in the country be set aside and the prisoners resentenced as soon as possible.[125] | ||
 South Sudan
|
2025[126] | N/A | Capital punishment for treason; murder; capital perjury; attempted murder causing injury by a person sentenced to life for a previous murder; aggravated drug trafficking.[127] | ||
 Sudan
|
2025[128] | N/A | Garrotte. Death penalty for waging war against the state,[129] prostitution, drug trafficking, treason, capital perjury, espionage, murder, armed robbery, abetting the suicide of an individual unable to give legal consent, terrorism, rape and incest committed by a married offender.[130] | ||
 Tanzania
|
1994 | N/A | Capital punishment for murder; treason; military offences; mutiny by prison officers; and abortion (in Zanzibar semi-autonomous region).[131] | ||
 Togo
|
1978[132] | 2009[133] | |||
 Tunisia
|
1990 | N/A | Capital punishment for treason; murder; terrorism; treason; espionage; rape; arson; military offences; attempt of a capital crime; assault on a judge with threat or use of a weapon.[134] On 6 January 2014, the National Constituent Assembly (NCA) voted for maintaining capital punishment in the upcoming constitution in Tunisia. The votes were by 135 yes out of a total of 174.[135] Since 2015, it has been possible to give the death penalty for terrorism. | ||
 Uganda
|
2005[136][137] | N/A | Capital punishment for murder; terrorism; kidnapping; rape; aggravated homosexuality; treason; some military offences.[138][139] In 2009, the Supreme Court upheld a 2005 Constitutional Court ruling that although the death penalty was constitutional, its use as a mandatory punishment for certain crimes was not.[140] In 2019 mandatory death penalty was abolished by law.[141] | ||
 Zambia
|
1997 | 2022 Civilian crimes. 2023 All crimes. |
In 2022, president Hakainde Hichilema signed into law a bill abolishing the death penalty for most crimes, though capital punishment still remained in military statutes until 2023. Acceded to the Second Optional Protocol to the ICCPR in 2024.[142][18][75][143] | ||
 Zimbabwe
|
2005[144] | 2024 Civilian crimes.
N/A Military. [145] |
A bill to abolish the death penalty for ordinary crimes received cabinet approval in February 2024.[146] President Emmerson Mnangagwa approved the law on December 31, 2024,[145] but an amendment to the law retains the death penalty for crimes committed during a state of emergency.[147] |
Americas
There are 35 United Nations member states in the Americas. Of these:
- 1 (2.86 %) retains capital punishment and has used it in the last ten years.
- 13 (37.14 %) retain capital punishment but have not used it in the last ten years.
- 5 (14.29 %) retain capital punishment only in extraordinary circumstances (such as for treason, military offences, or offences committed during wartime) and have not used it in the last twenty-six years.
- 16 (45.71 %) have fully abolished capital punishment.
Executions in the Americas in 2024: United States (25).
As of 2026, the United States is the only country in the Americas to conduct executions.[148][2][3][4][5][6][7] Capital punishment applies nationwide on the federal level and in the military. However, most capital crimes are prosecuted at the state level. Twenty-three of the fifty states and the District of Columbia have abolished capital punishment entirely.[149] Seven states have imposed moratoria, and four others are classifiable as "abolitionists-in-practice" according to the United Nations criteria,[150] having passed a period of over ten years without executions.[149]
Outside of the United States, the last execution elsewhere in the Americas was in Saint Kitts and Nevis in 2008.
The countries in the Americas that most recently abolished the death penalty are Suriname (2015), Argentina (2009), and Bolivia (2009). Guatemala abolished the death penalty for civil cases in 2017.
Executions in the Americas in 2019: United States (22).[151]
Retained in law and used in the last ten years
Retained in law but not used in the last ten years and believed to have a policy of not carrying out executions or have made a commitment not to do so.
Retained only in extraordinary circumstances (such as for treason, military offences, or offences committed during wartime) and have not used it in the last ten years
Fully abolished
| Key | Country
|
Last execution | Executions in 2024 | Year abolished | Notes
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Antigua and Barbuda
|
1991 | N/A | Hanging. Death penalty for murder and treason.[152] Currently, no individual is under the sentence of death, as the last death sentence in the country was commuted in 2016.[153] | ||
 Argentina
|
1956 | 1984 Civilian. 2009 Military. | Constitution of 1853 states "The penalty of death for political offences, all kinds of torture, and flogging, are forever abolished."[154] And was completely abolished by the Penal Code of 30 April 1922.[155]
Despite this it was reinstated on several occasions by military dictatorships:
On 26 August 2008, a new Code of Military Justice was promulgated that abolished death penalty. The new Code came into effect six months later, on 26 February 2009.[163][164] | ||
 Bahamas
|
2000 | N/A | Hanging. Capital punishment for treason; piracy; murder. Currently no individual is under the sentence of death, as the last death sentence in the country was commuted in 2016.[153] | ||
 Barbados
|
1984[54] | N/A | Capital punishment for murder; terrorism; participating in a mutiny; treason; espionage.[165] Presently under review before the IACHR[citation needed] despite strong national support.[166][167] | ||
 Belize
|
1985[54] | N/A | Capital punishment for murder;[168] crimes against humanity; some military offences; treason.[169] | ||
 Bolivia
|
1973[170] | 2009 | Abolished for ordinary crimes[clarification needed] in 1997. "The death penalty does not exist" (Article 15). | ||
 Brazil
|
1876 | 1978 Civilian. N/A Military. |
Firing squad. Brazil has always maintained the death penalty in wartime as part of its Military Code but, after Brazil became a Republic in 1889, capital punishment for civil offenses or for military offences committed in peacetime was abolished by the first republican Constitution, adopted in 1891. The penalty for crimes committed in peacetime was then reinstated during two periods (from 1938 to 1946 and from 1969 to 1978), but on those occasions it was restricted to acts of terrorism or subversion considered "internal warfare".[171][172][173][174]
The current Constitution of Brazil (1988) expressly forbids the use of capital punishment, except for military offences committed during a war duly declared by Congress.[175] The last person to suffer the death penalty in Brazil was executed in 1876, during the Imperial era. After 1876, Emperor Pedro II adopted in practice an abolitionist policy, by directing that all death sentences be submitted by the Courts to the Imperial Government for examination regarding commutation (even without a request for pardon or commutation from the person condemned), and by granting commutations for all death sentences that were passed. For more information see Capital punishment in Brazil. | ||
 Canada
|
1962 | 1999 | Abolished in 1976 for murder, treason, and piracy (last execution in 1962, last sentence in 1976); abolished 1999 for military offences (last execution in 1945). | ||
 Chile
|
1985 | 2001 Civilian.
N/A Military. |
Shooting. Death penalty remains applicable to military personnel for war crimes and crimes against humanity during wartime. Abolished for all other cases in 2001. | ||
 Colombia
|
1907[176] | 1910 | Abolished in 1910 by Constitutional reform. Prohibited by the Colombian Constitution of 1991: "The right to life is inviolable. There will be no death penalty." | ||
 Costa Rica
|
1859[177] | 1877 | Abolished 1877 by Constitution. | ||
 Cuba
|
2003[178] | N/A | Firing squad. Death penalty for murder, attempted murder, hijacking, acts of terrorism, treason, espionage,[179] political offenses,[clarification needed] child rape, molestation of a child under 12 years of age with aggravating factors, rape of an adult with aggravating factors, rape of an adult that results in death, illness or grievous bodily harm, robbery with aggravating factors, drug offenses, production of child pornography, child trafficking, child prostitution, child corruption, piracy, working as a mercenary, apartheid, genocide, pedophilia. While there have been no executions since 2003, and the last death sentences were commuted by the Supreme Court in 2010, with nobody sentenced to death since then, there is no formal or informal moratorium or abolitionist policy, making the country still retentionist.[180][181][182] | ||
 Dominica
|
1986 | N/A | Executions by hanging. Death penalty for aggravated murder and treason.[183] | ||
 Dominican Republic
|
1966 | 1966 | Abolished 1966 by Constitution. | ||
 Ecuador
|
1884 | 1906 | Abolished 1906 by Constitution. | ||
 El Salvador
|
1973 | 1983 Civilian.
N/A Military. |
May be imposed only in cases provided by military laws during a state of international war.[184] Abolished for other crimes 1983. | ||
 Grenada
|
1978[185] | N/A | |||
 Guatemala
|
2000[186] | 2017 Civilian. N/A Military. |
Lethal injection. Until 2017, death penalty for murder, espionage, treason, drug trafficking, kidnapping, torture, and terrorism. Abolished for civil cases in 2017. | ||
 Guyana
|
1997 | N/A | Death penalty for terrorist acts;[187] murder, treason and armed robbery, piracy, drug trafficking, and terrorist offences resulting in death. While the constitution states that the death penalty is not a mandatory punishment, many provisions of the criminal code suggests that the death penalty may be mandatory for these crimes as no alternatives to such sentence of death is found under any law. | ||
 Haiti
|
1972 | 1987 | Abolished 1987 by Constitution. | ||
 Honduras
|
1940 | 1956 | Abolished 1956 by Constitution. | ||
 Jamaica
|
1988[188] | N/A | Death penalty for murder.[189] | ||
 Mexico
|
1957 Civilian 1961 Militarian |
2005 | Abolished for all crimes in 2005.[190] | ||
 Nicaragua
|
1930 | 1979 | Abolished 1979 by Constitution. | ||
 Panama
|
1903[191] [better source needed] |
1918[192] | Abolished 1918 with amendments to the Constitution. In 1909, Adolphus Coulson was executed in the Panama Canal Zone, which was under U.S. jurisdiction.[193] | ||
 Paraguay
|
1917[194] | 1992 | Abolished 1992 by Constitution. | ||
 Peru
|
1979 | 1979 Civilian.
N/A Military. |
Firing squad. Death penalty for treason; terrorism; espionage; genocide; mutiny; desertion in times of war.[184] Abolished for other crimes 1979. | ||
 Saint Kitts and Nevis
|
2008[195] | N/A | Hanging. Death penalty for murder and treason. | ||
 Saint Lucia
|
1995 | N/A | Hanging. Death penalty for murder; treason. | ||
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
|
1995 | N/A | Death penalty for murder; treason. | ||
 Suriname
|
1982 | 2015[196] | Abolished 2015. | ||
 Trinidad and Tobago
|
1999 | N/A | Death penalty for murder; treason[197] | ||
 United States
|
2025[70] | 25 | N/A Some states and territories have abolished. | Lethal injection; electric chair; firing squad; inert gas asphyxiation. Capital punishment for murder; espionage; treason; terrorism.[198][199] 27 of the 50 states currently have the death penalty, though 7 are under moratorium and 4 have not conducted any executions in decades. Of the territories, only American Samoa retains it despite no executions since 1939.[200] The Supreme Court has restricted the crimes that capital punishment can be applied to. It has also prohibited capital punishment against those who committed a capital crime when under 18. Sentences of death may be handed down by a jury or a judge (upon a bench trial or a guilty plea). | |
 Uruguay
|
1902 | 1907 | Abolished by the "Law No. 3238" on 23 September 1907 and by the Constitution of 1918. | ||
 Venezuela
|
*None since independence in 1830 | 1863 | Abolished 1863 by Constitution. |
Asia
There are 47 United Nations member states in Asia, and 1 observer state. Of these:
- 23 (47.92 %) retain capital punishment and have used it in the last ten years.
- 9 (18.75 %) retain capital punishment but have not used it in the last ten years.
- 1 (2.08 %) retains capital punishment only in extraordinary circumstances (such as for treason, military offences, or offences committed during wartime) and has not used it in the last sixty-four years.
- 15 (31.25 %) have fully abolished capital punishment.
Executions in Asia in 2024: China (1 000s), Iran (972+), Saudi Arabia (345+), Iraq (63+), Yemen (38+), Singapore (9), Kuwait (6), Oman (3), Afghanistan (unknown), North Korea (unknown; likely tens to just over a hundred), Syria (unknown), Vietnam (unknown).
The information above does not include Taiwan, which is not a UN member state. Taiwan practises capital punishment by shooting, and conducted one execution each in 2016, 2018, 2020, and 2025.[citation needed]
On 25 July 2022, due to the Burmese civil war between the military junta (who rule most areas of the country) and the civilian government it overthrew, the junta carried out executions making them the first executions since 1988, making the country retentionist in areas controlled by the Tatmadaw. Under the civilian government (who internationally and according to the UN remain the legal government) and in areas controlled by it the country continues to be abolitionist in practice.[201]
Iraq also has a regional variety of retentionism and abolitionism, as Iraqi Kurdistan is de facto abolitionist due to a moratorium that has been in place since 2007. The rest of Iraq is retentionist.[citation needed]
Indonesia has an informal moratorium and Malaysia a formal one, both in place since 2018. In April 2023, legislation abolishing the mandatory death penalty was passed in Malaysia.[202]
The countries in Asia that most recently abolished capital punishment are Kazakhstan (2021), Mongolia (2017), and Uzbekistan (2008).
In 2019, Asia had the world's five leading executioners: China, Iran, North Korea, Saudi Arabia, and Vietnam. Executions in Asia took place in 2019 in the following countries: Bahrain (3), Bangladesh (2), China (1000+), Iran (256+), Japan (3), North Korea (unknown), Pakistan (20+), Saudi Arabia (184+), Singapore (4), Syria (unknown), Vietnam (unknown), Yemen (7+).[203][204]
Retained in law and used in the last ten years
Retained in law but not used in the last ten years and believed to have a policy of not carrying out executions or have made a commitment not to do so.
Retained only in extraordinary circumstances (such as for treason, military offences, or offences committed during wartime) and have not used it in the last sixty-four years.
Fully abolished
| Key | Country
|
Last execution | Executions in 2024 | Year abolished | Notes
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Afghanistan
|
2021[205] | N/A | Hanging; shooting.[206] Capital punishment for murder, arson, terrorism, treason, espionage, zina, apostasy, blasphemy. Categories of persons excused from capital punishment are teenagers who were under 18 at time of crime, and pregnant women.[207] | ||
 Armenia
|
*None since independence on 21 September 1991 (30 August 1991, before independence) | 1998 | Abolished in 1998 by the constitution. | ||
 Azerbaijan
|
1993 | 1998 | |||
 Bahrain
|
2019[208] | N/A | Hanging; firing squad. Capital punishment for aggravated murder; rape; kidnapping; arson; assault; deliberately obstructing funerals or memorial services; certain crimes against property, transportation or agriculture under aggravating circumstances; terrorism; treason; defiance of military orders in time of war or martial law; capital perjury; drug trafficking; espionage.[209] | ||
 Bangladesh
|
2025[210] | N/A | Hanging. Capital punishment for murder;[211] drug trafficking;[212] kidnapping; human trafficking; terrorism; rape; armed robbery; sedition; sabotage; some military offences; attempting a capital crime; capital perjury; espionage;[213] treason;[214] war crimes. | ||
 Bhutan
|
1974[108] | 2004 | |||
 Brunei
|
*None since independence in 1984 (1957, before independence) | N/A | Hanging. Capital punishment for murder; unlawful possession of firearms and explosives; drug trafficking;[215] terrorism; abetting the suicide of a person unable to give legal consent; arson; kidnapping; abetting mutiny; treason; capital perjury; zina; apostasy; blasphemy.[216][215][217] | ||
 Myanmar Burma
|
1988[218] | N/A | Capital punishment for murder; terrorism; abetting mutiny; assault by a person under a life sentence causing harm; attempted murder; capital perjury;[219] treason; drug trafficking.[220]
Burma has carried out no executions since 1988.[201][221][222] While Burmese courts do hand down death sentences pro forma in particularly egregious cases, most recently in the 2018 case of Myo Zaw Oo who was convicted of the rape and murder of a government worker,[223] the sentences in practice are not carried out and are in effect life sentences. There have been three major amnesties (1989, 1993, 1997) in which the government commuted death sentences to life sentences or less, and simultaneously reduced life sentences to 10 years. However, prisoners held for political crimes, or crimes against the state are typically excluded from such amnesties.[222] Prior to the military coup of 2021, Burma was regarded as "abolitionist in practice" by both Amnesty International[224] and Death Penalty Watch.[221] This was jeopardised on 1 February 2021 when the military overthrew the democratic government in a coup. On 14 March, the military declared martial law in selected regions of two largest cities (Yangon and Mandalay) and furthermore announced the introduction of a suite of new laws and penalties for insurrection and protest, including capital punishment.[225] On 9 April 2021, state broadcaster Myawaddy TV announced that 23 protesters had been charged with murder, and pursuant to s496 of the criminal code, would face execution. The date of the execution was not announced, and it currently (as of 10 April) is unknown whether or how the sentences will be carried out. At least 17 of the convicted were tried in absentia[226] and it is unclear how many have since been apprehended. While this would put Burma in the "retentionist" category, the legitimacy of the military government and the recently imposed martial laws are contested by the deposed government (known as the NUG) who claim sole legislative authority. The international community thus far have not decided whether the military junta or NUG is the legitimate government, and as such it is not clear whether these executions carried out by the military would be seen by the international community as lawful applications of the death penalty, or extrajudicial killings carried out by armed forces. Amnesty International now (2022) recognises Myanmar's retentionist status, but notes that "Following Myanmar military's issuance of Martial Law Order 3/2021, the authority to try civilians was transferred to special or existing military tribunals where individuals are tried through summary proceedings without right to appeal. These courts oversee a wide range of offences including those punishable with the death penalty. Under international law and standards, executions carried out following unfair trials violate the prohibition against arbitrary deprivation of life, as well as the absolute prohibition of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading punishment."[227] As of 3 June 2022, it was reported that a total of 113 people had been sentenced to death by the junta for their roles in the counter-military revolution.[228] On the same date, the junta confirmed the death warrants of four of the prisoners Hla Myo Aung, Ko Aung Thura Zaw, the long-time democratic activist Ko Jimmy, and the rapper and former NLD lawmaker Ko Phyo Zeya Thaw.[228] With the confirmation of the death warrant, responsibility to determine whether, how, and when to proceed to executions fell to the Prison Department.[228] It was announced by the junta that the executions were carried out on 23 July 2022.[229] As the military junta is not recognized by the UN, the seats at the UN seats continue to be filled by diplomats of the deposed government and because of this Myanmar for the first time voted in favour of abolition in the 2022 UN resolution on abolishing the death penalty. Khit Thit Media reported via their Facebook page that the military handed down a further eleven death sentences on 30 November.[230] In addition, executions are carried out within the de facto autonomous Wa State. Wa state (officially the Wa Self-Administered Division) is nominally a semi-autonomous division located in two disconnected regions within Shan State. As such it is in principle subject to the laws, enforcement, and judicial system of Burma. However, in reality, the Wa State is controlled entirely by the United Wa State Army (UWSA) - an ethnic armed organisation (EAO) previously in open rebellion against the Burmese government and military. While in recent years the UWSA has reached a détente with the Burmese central authority, the Burmese legal system does not apply in practice within Wa State. To wit, death sentences are handed down and carried out regularly, most recently in 2020.[231] Wa State imposes the death penalty only for murder[232] and executions are carried out by gunshot to the back of the head. An other de facto autonomous region, Mong La (officially: Shan State Special region 4) on the Myanmar-Chinese border under the control of the National Democratic Alliance Army (NDAA) is also reputed to carry out executions much like Wa State.[233] | ||
 Cambodia
|
1989 | 1989 | Abolished in 1989 by the constitution. | ||
 China
|
2025[234] | 1000+ | N/A | Lethal injection; firing squad. On 25 February 2011, China's newly revised Criminal Law reduced the number of crimes punishable by death by 13, from 68 to 55.[235][failed verification] Capital punishment for severe cases of embezzlement; rape; severe cases of fraud; bombing; flooding; rioting under aggravating circumstances; treason; political dissidence; subversion; terrorism; spreading poisons/hazardous substances; human trafficking; forcing prostitution; piracy; theft; drug trafficking; corruption; arson; aggravated assault; producing or selling tainted food or fake medicine resulting in death or serious medical injury; participating in an armed prison riot or jailbreak; murder; burglary; kidnapping; robbery; armed robbery; espionage; poaching; military offences (like insubordination, cowardice); sabotage; weapons trafficking; illegally manufacturing, selling, transporting or storing hazardous materials; endangerment of national security. Even the Chinese elite is not exempt, as billionaire Liu Han was executed 9 February 2015.[236][237] Both Hong Kong and Macau have fully abolished capital punishment. In Hong Kong, it was last used in 1966 and abolished in 1993 by its British colonial government. In Macau, it was last used in the 1800s and abolished in 1976 by its Portuguese colonial government. | |
 Cyprus
|
1962 | 2002 | Abolished in 2002. | ||
 Timor-Leste
|
*None since independence in 2002 | 2002[238] | Capital punishment was suspended following UN administration in 1999 when a province of Indonesia. Abolished by the constitution in 2002.[238] | ||
 Georgia
|
1995[239] | 2006 | Capital punishment was abolished for most offenses in 1997, but the constitution stated that the Supreme Court had the power to impose capital punishment in exceptionally serious cases of "crimes against life". On 27 December 2006, President Mikheil Saakashvili signed into a law a new constitutional amendment fully abolishing capital punishment. | ||
 India
|
2020[240] | N/A | Hanging and shooting. Capital punishment for murder; abetting suicide; treason; terrorism; drug trafficking; aircraft hijacking; aggravated robbery; espionage; kidnapping; conspiracy of a capital offence; attempted murder; capital perjury;[241] aggravated rape; mutiny; some military offences. Military offences may be punished with a firing squad. | ||
 Indonesia
|
2016 | N/A | Firing squad. Capital punishment for murder; treason; espionage; corruption; aggravated robbery; aggravated extortion; terrorism; some military offences; crimes against humanity; drug trafficking; producing chemical weapons. President Joko Widodo issued an informal moratorium on executions in 2018 due to outrage over the 2015 and 2016 executions, but there are no current plans for abolition[242][108][243] 8 people including overseas nationals executed on 29 April 2015.[244] | ||
 Iran
|
2025[70] | 972+ | N/A | Hanging; shooting. Iran performs public executions. Iran is second only to China in the number of executions it carries out, executing hundreds every year.[245][246] Capital punishment for murder; armed robbery; drug trafficking; kidnapping; zina; burglary;[247][248] treason; political dissidence; sabotage; arson; espionage; terrorism; some military offences; apostasy; blasphemy; counterfeiting; smuggling; recidivist theft; extortion; alcohol consumption; capital perjury;[249] "enmity against God". Secret executions are widespread in the country, so that exact numbers for each year are difficult to obtain and different figures are provided by various organisations. | |
 Iraq
|
2026[250] | 63+ | N/A | Hanging. Capital punishment for murder; treason; terrorism; drug trafficking; rape; incest; espionage; treason;[251] robbery; theft; burglary; kidnapping; arson; rioting; crimes against humanity.[252] Suspended in June 2003 after 2003 invasion; reinstated August 2004.[253][254] A total of 447 people were executed between then and the end of March 2013, with 129 in 2012 alone.[255] Iraqi Kurdistan is abolitionist in practice for all ordinary crimes[clarification needed] (remains retentionist for crimes in exceptional cases) since a moratorium has been in place since when Kurdistan president Masoud Barzani issued it in 2007.[256] | |
 Israel
|
1962 | 1954 Civilian. N/A Military. |
Hanging; firing squad. Capital punishment for crimes against humanity and treason. Only two executions since independence in 1948: falsely accused traitor Meir Tobiansky (1948; posthumously acquitted) and Holocaust architect Adolf Eichmann (1962).[257] Abolished for other crimes 1954. | ||
 Japan
|
2025[258] | 1 | N/A | Hanging. Capital punishment for murder; treason. There are seven detention centres where execution is carried out - Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya, Sendai, Fukuoka, Hiroshima and Sapporo. Between 1946 and 2003, 766 people were sentenced to death, 608 of whom were executed. For 40 months from 1989 to 1993 successive ministers of justice refused to authorise executions, which amounted to an informal moratorium. No execution in 2020 (first time in nine years).[259] | |
 Jordan
|
2021[260] | 8 | N/A | Hanging, shooting. Capital punishment for some cases of terrorism; murder; rape; aggravated robbery; drug trafficking; illegal possession and use of weapons; war crimes; espionage; treason.[261] Executions resumed in 2014 after a hiatus.[262] | |
 Kazakhstan
|
2003[263] | 2021[264] | Signed the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights in 2020.[265][266] Abolished in 2021.[264] | ||
 Kuwait
|
2025[267] | 6 | N/A | Hanging. Capital punishment for drug trafficking; rape; murder; kidnapping; piracy; torture; human trafficking; terrorism; some military offences; treason;[268] espionage; capital perjury.[269] | |
 Kyrgyzstan
|
*None since independence in 1991 | 2007 | Kyrgyz authorities had extended a moratorium on executions from 1998 to abolition. Abolished by the constitution in 2007.[270][271] | ||
 Laos
|
1989 | N/A | Capital punishment for murder; kidnapping; terrorism; drug trafficking; treason; espionage.[272][273] | ||
 Lebanon
|
2004[274][275] | N/A | Hanging; firing squad. Capital punishment for murder;[276] rape; terrorism; torture; recidivism of life crimes; some environmental crimes; some military offences; espionage; treason.[277] | ||
 Malaysia
|
2017[278] | N/A | Hanging. Capital punishment for drug trafficking; murder; terrorism; capital perjury; treason; some military crimes.[279][280] A plan to fully abolish the death penalty was announced on 10 October 2018,[281][282] but was later scaled down to only abolish mandatory death penalty on 13 March 2019.[283][284] In April 2023, mandatory death penalty was officially abolished. A moratorium on executions remains.[202] | ||
 Maldives
|
*None since independence in 1965 (1953, before independence) | N/A | Last execution when a colony of Britain was in 1953. Capital punishment for murder;[285] terrorism; treason; adultery; apostasy. 60-year moratorium lifted in 2014.[286] | ||
 Mongolia
|
2008 | 2012 | President Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj instituted a moratorium in 2010, systematically commuting all death sentences. On 5 January 2012, "a large majority of MPs" adopted a bill that aims to abolish the death penalty. After two years under the official moratorium, the State Great Khural formally signed the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.[287] This makes Mongolia abolitionist because under Article 1, paragraphs 1 and 2, of the Covenant, "No one within the jurisdiction of a State Party to the present Protocol shall be executed," and "Each State Party shall take all necessary measures to abolish the death penalty within its jurisdiction." Unlike in countries that retain capital punishment officially but have abolished it in practice, this made Mongolia abolitionist in both law and practice. However some dead laws that were still symbolically binding referenced capital punishment. These non-binding laws were removed from statutes by a 2015 Act, which took effect on 1 July 2016, making some people claim 2015 or 2016 as the year of de facto abolition.[288][289] Mongolia is one of the last Eastern Bloc states (not including Eastern Europe) to abolish the death penalty. Death penalty was formally abolished on 1 July 2017.[290] | ||
 Nepal
|
1979 | 1997 | The death penalty was abolished in 1946 for ordinary crimes[clarification needed] but was reinstated between 1985 and 1990 for cases of murder and terrorism.[291] Completely abolished since 1997 by Constitution. | ||
 North Korea
|
2025[292] | 980+ | N/A | Firing squad. Most recent executions have been private, but some are public. Capital punishment for drug trafficking; treason; circulating "harmful" information; political dissidence; terrorism; espionage; murder; viewing international websites and media; listening to international radio broadcasts; kidnapping; rape; assault; burglary; insubordination; armed robbery; violation of Juche customs; human trafficking; defection; grand theft; making illegal international calls without a phone card; producing and/or watching pornography; embezzlement; counterfeiting; black market trafficking; damaging or destroying state property; taking unauthorised photographs of state property; unauthorised religious activity; prostitution.[293][294] There have been at least 64 carried out death sentences in 2016, and in 2017 five North Korean minister-level officials were executed; it is not known whether these officials were executed due to a judicial sentence or a direct order of Kim Jong-un.[295] No official numbers are known because of the secrecy surrounding capital punishment within the state. | |
 Oman
|
2024[296] | 3 | N/A | Firing squad. Capital punishment for treason; terrorism; espionage; murder; drug trafficking; arson; piracy; kidnapping; recidivism of life crimes; capital perjury.[297][298] | |
 Pakistan
|
2019[299] | N/A | Hanging. Capital punishment for treason; terrorism; espionage; murder; drug trafficking; arms trafficking; some military offences; kidnapping; rape; capital perjury; adultery; blasphemy.[300][301] Six-year moratorium lifted in 2014 after the Peshawar school massacre. | ||
 Palestine
|
2005[302] | N/A | Hanging; firing squad. Capital punishment for treason; terrorism; espionage; murder; some military offences.[303] The State of Palestine has ratified the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.[304] | ||
 Philippines
|
2000[305] | 2006 | Abolished in 1987 under the present Constitution, re-introduced in 1993, re-abolished on 24 June 2006 under Republic Act No. 9346. The House of Representatives voted to reinstate the death penalty for drug crimes in March 2017,[306] but it was stalled in the Senate.[307] | ||
 Qatar
|
2020[308] | N/A | Execution by firing squad. Capital punishment for espionage;[309] threat to national security;[310] apostasy (no recorded executions); homosexuality; blasphemy;[311] murder; aggravated murder; violent robbery; arson; torture; kidnapping; terrorism; rape; drug trafficking; extortion by threat of accusation of a crime of honor; perjury causing wrongful execution and treason.[312] | ||
 Saudi Arabia
|
2025[313] | 345+ | N/A | Decapitation, firing squad, stoning. Saudi Arabia performs public executions. Current Islamic laws allow the use of capital punishment for many violent and nonviolent offenses which includes aggravated burglary, treason, espionage, as well as homosexuality, adultery; murder; blasphemy; apostasy;[314] drug trafficking; rape; armed robbery;[315] some military offences; witchcraft; sexual misconduct and terrorism. Method most often used is beheading with a scimitar, although the firing squad is sometimes used. Bodies may be put on public display. | |
 Singapore
|
2025 | 9 | N/A | Hanging. Capital punishment for terrorism; murder; treason; capital perjury; kidnapping; some firearm offences; genocide; arms trafficking; piracy; attempted murder by a convict under a life sentence; drug trafficking; some military offences.[316][317] | |
 South Korea
|
1997[318] | N/A | Hanging; firing squad. Capital punishment for aggravated murder; piracy; terrorism; treason; drug trafficking; recidivist robbery.[319] There has been an unofficial moratorium on executions since President Kim Dae-jung took office in February 1998.[320] | ||
 Sri Lanka
|
1976 | N/A | Capital punishment for murder; treason; capital perjury; rape; armed robbery; drug trafficking; some firearm offences; some military offences.[321] Moratorium since 1976. | ||
 Syria
|
2024[322] | + | N/A | Hanging; shooting. Syria performs public executions. Capital punishment for treason; terrorism; espionage; murder; attempting a capital crime; recidivism of a life crime; capital perjury; drug trafficking; robbery; rape.[323] Extrajudicial killings are commonplace in Syria.[324] Persons excused from death row are women with small children, pregnant women, the mentally ill, the intellectually disabled, and teenagers who committed the crime under the age of 18 at the time.[323] Since the start of the civil war, it cannot be known clearly how many people have been put on death row. In 2014, Syria had an execution rate of 1 in 3 000 000.[323] | |
 Taiwan
|
2025[325] | 2 | N/A | Shooting; lethal injection.[326] Capital punishment for treason (articles 14, 15, 17, 18, 24, 103, 104, 105, and 107), espionage (articles 19 and 20), malfeasance (articles 26 and 27), some military crimes (articles 31, 41, 42, 47, 48, 49, 50), hijacking (article 53), destroying military supplies and equipment (article 58), stealing and selling ammunition (article 65), fabricating orders (article 66), civil disturbance as a ringleader (article 101), abandoning territory (article 120), hijacking (articles 185–1 and 185–2), aggravated drug trafficking (Article 261), murder (articles 226–1, 271, 272, 272-1, and 286), aggravated robbery (articles 328 and 332), piracy (articles 333 and 334), aggravated kidnapping (articles 347 and 348).[326] Those excluded from capital punishment are the elderly, pregnant women, women with small children, mentally ill people, and those under the age of 18 at the time of the crime. | |
 Tajikistan
|
2004 | N/A | Firing squad. Capital punishment for aggravated murder, aggravated rape, terrorism, biocide, genocide.[327] Moratorium introduced 30 April 2004 by President Emomali Rahmon. Persons excluded from death row are: the elderly, women, pregnant women, intellectually disabled, the mentally ill, and teenagers who were under the age of 18 at the time of the crime.[328] | ||
 Thailand
|
2018[329] | N/A | Lethal injection. Capital punishment for 35 crimes including treason; murder; terrorism; espionage; murder; bribery; arson; rape; drug trafficking; kidnapping; certain military offences; illegal use of firearms or explosives. For a full list see here (PDF) | ||
 Turkey
|
1984 | 2004 | Abolished in 2004 by the constitution. | ||
 Turkmenistan
|
1997 | 1999 | Abolished 1999 by Constitution. | ||
 United Arab Emirates
|
2025[330] | 1+ | N/A | Firing squad. Capital punishment for murder; drug trafficking;[331] abetting the suicide of a mentally ill person; disposal of nuclear waste in the environment; aggravated rape; treason; apostasy; aggravated robbery; terrorism; espionage; capital perjury.[332][333] | |
 Uzbekistan
|
2005[334] | 2008 | President Islam Karimov signed a decree on 1 August 2005 that replaced the death penalty with life imprisonment on 1 January 2008[335] | ||
 Vietnam
|
2024[336] | 100+ | N/A | Lethal injection. Capital punishment for treason (articles 108, 109, 112), espionage (article 110), terrorism (articles 113 and 299), sabotage (article 114), murder (article 123), aggravated child rape (article 142), aggravated drug trafficking (article 248), crimes against humanity (article 422), and war crimes (articles 421, 423).[337][338][339] | |
 Yemen
|
2025[70] | 38+ | N/A | Shooting, stoning. Yemen performs public executions. Capital punishment for murder;[340] adultery;[341] homosexuality;[111][342] apostasy[112] (no recorded executions); blasphemy;[343] drug trafficking; capital perjury; kidnapping; zina; aggravated robbery; certain military offences; espionage; treason.[344] |
Europe
There are 43 United Nations member states in Europe, and 1 observer state. Of these:
- 1 (2.27 %) retain capital punishment and have used it in the last ten years.
- 1 (2.27 %) retain capital punishment but have not used it in the last ten years.
- 42 (95.45 %) have fully abolished capital punishment.
Executions in Europe in the last five years: 2022 (1), 2023 (0), 2024 (0), 2025 (0), 2026 (0).
These figures do not include Kosovo which is fully abolitionistic but is not a UN member state.
The abolition of capital punishment is a pre-condition for European Union membership, which considers capital punishment a "cruel and inhuman" practice and "has not been shown in any way to act as a deterrent to crime".[345]
Since 1997, Belarus has been the only UN member state in Europe to carry out executions. 2009, 2015, 2020, 2021, 2023, 2024, and 2025 are the first six years in recorded history during which Europe has been completely free of executions.
The countries in Europe that most recently abolished capital punishment are Latvia (2012), Albania (2007), and Moldova (2005).
Retained in law and has used it in the last ten years
Retained in law but has not used it in the last ten years and believed to have a policy of not carrying out executions or have made a commitment not to do so.
Fully abolished
| Key | Country
|
Last execution | Executions in 2024 | Year abolished | Notes
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Albania
|
1995[239] | 2007 | Abolished in 2007.[346] | ||
 Andorra
|
1943 | 1990 | Abolished in 1990 by the constitution. | ||
 Austria
|
1950 | 1968 | Abolished in 1968 by the constitution. | ||
 Belarus
|
2022[347] | N/A | Shooting. Capital punishment for treason; terrorism; aggravated murder; crimes against humanity; sabotage.[348] | ||
 Belgium
|
1950 | 1996 | Abolished in 1996 by the penal code. | ||
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
|
*None since independence in 1991 (1977, before independence) | 1998 | Abolished in 1998 by the constitution. | ||
 Bulgaria
|
1989 | 1998 | Abolished in 1998. | ||
 Croatia
|
*None since independence in 1991 (1987, before independence) | 1991 | Abolished in 1991 by the constitution.[349] | ||
 Czech Republic
|
*None since independence in 1993 (1989, before independence) | 1990 | Abolished in 1990 by the constitution. | ||
 Denmark
|
1950 | 1978 | Last execution for common law crimes 1892. Last execution for war crimes 1950. Capital punishment was retroactively carried out 1945–50 for crimes related to the German occupation in World War II, repealed in 1951 and confirmed in 1993. A similar rule was active 1952–1978 in the civil penalty law for war crimes committed under extreme circumstances. | ||
 Estonia
|
1991 | 1998 | The last execution in Estonia has taken place on 11 September 1991 when Rein Oruste was shot with a bullet to the back of the head for the crime of murder. | ||
 Finland
|
1944 | 1972 | Last peacetime execution 1825. Last wartime execution 1944. Capital punishment was abolished for civilian crimes in 1949 (all existing sentences commuted to life imprisonment) and for all crimes 1972. In 1984 the death penalty was explicitly outlawed in the Finnish Constitution. | ||
 France
|
1977 | 1981 | The death penalty was initially abolished by the Directory in 1795 but re-introduced by Napoleon in 1810. It was re-abolished in law in 1981 and by Constitution in 2007. | ||
 Germany
|
1981 | 1987 | Abolished by the Basic Law since the formation of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949. However, US military authorities carried out seven executions on German territory in 1951, since they were, as an occupation force, not subjected to this.[350] German Democratic Republic (country which ceased to exist in 1990 and all of its territory joined the Federal Republic of Germany) abolished the death penalty in 1987, the last execution was held in 1981. | ||
 Greece
|
1972 | 2004[351][352] | Abolished completely with the Constitutional amendment of 2001 and then with the approval by Greek Parliament of the ratification of protocol 13 of the ECHR in 12/2004. | ||
 Hungary
|
1988 | 1990 | Capital punishment was abolished in 1990 and the last execution was of Ernő Vadász on 14 July 1988 for murder. | ||
 Iceland
|
*None since independence in 1944 (1830, before independence)[353] | 1928[354] | Last execution in 1830 when a colony of Denmark.[353] Abolished in 1928;[354] reintroduction made unconstitutional in 1995 by unanimous vote of Parliament.[355] | ||
 Ireland
|
1954 | 1990 | Abolished for murder in 1964, and for remaining offences in 1990. Last death sentences passed in 1985; all since 1954 commuted to imprisonment. | ||
 Italy
|
1947 | 1994 | On 30 November 1786 the Grand Duchy of Tuscany (then independent, now a part of Italy) became the first state in the modern era to completely abolish the death penalty. However, it was later repeatedly reintroduced and re-abolished, until its definitive ban in 1859. From 1815 to 1859 only two people were executed by the grand ducal authorities. For a brief period between 1847 and 1848, upon its reversion to Tuscany, the Duchy of Lucca became the only Italian territory in which the abolition was in force. The short lived Roman Republic of Feb–July 1849 abolished the death penalty before being overthrown by French troops. When the Kingdom of Italy was formed in 1861, capital punishment remained in force in all the constituent states except Tuscany until it was abolished nationwide in 1889 – although it was maintained under military and colonial law. In 1926 Mussolini reintroduced the death penalty into Italian law. A total of 26 people (9 civilians and 16 soldiers) were executed during the Fascist regime, none from political reasons. It was re-abolished from the penal code in 1944. Art. 27 of the Constitution of the Italian Republic (1948) completely abolished it for all common military and civil crimes during peacetime. The death penalty was still, formally, in force in Italy in the military penal code, only for high treachery against the Republic or only in war theatre perpetrated crimes (though no execution ever took place) until it was abolished completely from there as well, in 1994. Article 27 of Italian Constitution was eventually amended in 2007 to prohibit the reintroduction of death penalty in time of war too. | ||
 Kosovo
|
*None since self-proclaimed independence in 2008 (1987, as part of Yugoslavia)[239] | 2008[citation needed] | The partially recognised Republic of Kosovo does not have the death penalty.[356][357] | ||
 Latvia
|
1996 | 2012 | Abolished for civilian offences in 1999. Abolished for all crimes in 2012.[358] | ||
 Liechtenstein
|
1785 | 1989[359] | |||
 Lithuania
|
1995 | 1998 | |||
 Luxembourg
|
1949 | 1979 | Abolished by the Constitution in 1979. | ||
 Malta
|
*None since independence in 1964 (1943, before independence) | 2000 | Last execution when a colony of Britain was in 1943. Capital punishment for murder abolished in 1971; part of the military code until 2000. | ||
 Moldova
|
*None since independence in 1991 | 2005 | No executions since independence from USSR in 1991.[360] On 23 September 2005 the Moldovan Constitutional Court approved constitutional amendments that abolished the death penalty.
The self-proclaimed state of Transnistria, which is claimed by Moldova, still retains the death penalty but has observed a moratorium on executions since 1999. | ||
 Monaco
|
1847 | 1962 | Abolished by Constitution 1962. | ||
 Montenegro
|
*None since independence in 2006 (1981, before independence) | 1995 | Last execution when a part of Yugoslavia was on 29 January 1981.[361] Capital punishment abolished by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1995. When Montenegro declared independence in 2006 it became an abolitionist state. | ||
 Netherlands
|
1952 | 1982 (Netherlands) 2010 (Antilles) |
Last execution for peacetime offences in 1860. Abolished for peacetime offences in 1870. Abolished in Netherlands by Constitution 1982. Last Netherlands overseas territory to abolish was Antilles in 2010.[362] | ||
 North Macedonia
|
*None since independence in 1991 (1988, before independence) | 1991 | Last execution when it was part of Yugoslavia in 1988.[239] Abolished by Constitution in 1991. | ||
 Norway
|
1948 | 1979 | Abolished for peacetime offences in 1902, last execution for peacetime offences 1876. Last executions of wartime offenders conducted on 37 men convicted of treason or war crimes in WWII in 1945–48. | ||
 Poland
|
1988 | 1998 | A criminal law reform including reintroduction of death penalty was proposed in 2004 by Prawo i Sprawiedliwość, but lost its first reading vote in the Sejm by 198 to 194 with 14 abstentions. It is said that this was only populism, since Poland had joined the European Union so there was no chance.[108] | ||
 Portugal
|
1917[239] | 1867 Civil crimes. 1976 All crimes. | Capital Punishment was abolished for political crimes in 1852, civil crimes in 1867 and war crimes in 1911.[363] In 1916, capital punishment was reinstated only for military offenses that occurred in a war against a foreign country and in the theater of war.[364] Capital punishment was completely abolished again in 1976.[365] | ||
 Romania
|
1989 | 1990[366] | The last people to be convicted and executed in Romania were the dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu and his wife, Elena Ceaușescu, by firing squad during the Romanian Revolution of 1989. Their accusations ranged from crimes against humanity to high-treason. Abolished in 1990 and banned by Constitution in 1991. | ||
 Russia
|
1996 | N/A | Shooting. There have been four brief periods when Russia has completely abolished the death penalty, in the 18th century Russian empress Elizabeth abolished it, but it was restored by the next emperor, Peter III of Russia; then, from 12 March to 12 July 1917 following the overthrow of the Tsar, 27 October 1917 to 16 June 1918 following the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks, and in 1947–1950 after the end of the Second World War (Joseph Stalin abolished it in 1947, but he had restored it in 1950, and for this short period, the strictest punishment in USSR was penal servitude in gulag for 25 years). Currently the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation permits capital punishment for aggravated murder, attempted murder of a state official, and genocide.[367] On 16 April 1997 Russia signed the Sixth Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights, but has yet to ratify it. There has been a moratorium on executions since 1999 and none carried out since August 1996. In November 2009, the Constitutional Court extended the moratorium indefinitely pending ratification of the 6th protocol. Capital punishment is still present within the statutes.[47] | ||
 San Marino
|
1468[368][239] or 1667[369] | 1848 Civilian 1865 Military. |
Abolished for civilian crimes in 1848. Abolished for all crimes in 1865. | ||
 Serbia
|
*None since independence in 2006 (1992, before independence) | 1995 | Last execution when a part of Yugoslavia was in 1992. Capital punishment abolished by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1995. When Serbia became independent in 2006 it became an abolitionist state. | ||
 Slovakia
|
*None since independence in 1993 (1989, before independence) | 1990 | Last execution when a part of Czechoslovakia was in 1989. Abolished 1990 by Constitution when still a constituent part of Czechoslovakia. Upon independence on 1 January 1993 Slovakia became a new abolitionist state. | ||
 Slovenia
|
*None since independence in 1991 (1959, before independence) | 1991 | Last execution when a part of Yugoslavia was in 1959. Abolished in Slovenian Yugoslav Republic 1989 by Constitution. Upon declaration of independence in 1991 Slovenia removed itself from the jurisdiction of the Federal Yugoslav capital punishment statutes effectively achieving complete abolition. | ||
 Spain
|
1975 | 1978 Civilian. 1995 Military. |
Abolished in 1978 by the constitution except for wartime offences. Removed from the military penal code in 1995.[370] | ||
 Sweden
|
1910 | 1973 | Peacetime offences 1921, Wartime offences 1973. Constitutionally prohibited since 1975. | ||
 Switzerland
|
1944 | 1992 | Capital punishment was abolished in 1874, but reinstated in 1879. It was practised by a few cantons (9 executions up to 1940). Abolished by popular vote in 1938, except for wartime military crimes, for which it was abolished in 1992. Prohibited by the 1999 constitution. | ||
 Ukraine
|
1997[371] | 2000[372][373] | Abolished February 2000 after the Constitutional Court ruled the death penalty unconstitutional in December 1999.[372][373] New criminal code passed in April 2000.[372][373][374] The unrecognized Donetsk People's Republic reintroduced the death penalty for treason in 2014.[375] | ||
 United Kingdom
|
1977 (Bermuda) 1964 (UK) |
1998 | Last execution in the UK was in 1964. The last execution on British Overseas Territory occurred in Bermuda in 1977. Abolished for murder in 1969 in Great Britain and 1973 in Northern Ireland. Abolished for all remaining offences (treason, piracy with violence, and six military offences) in the UK in 1998. 13th protocol to the ECHR ratified in 2003 confirming total abolition. The last British territory to completely abolish capital punishment was Jersey in 2006 (see Capital punishment in Jersey). | ||
 Vatican City
|
1870[376] | 1969[376] | Last execution on 9 July 1870. Mazzatello. Never used within the Vatican City itself and only carried out in the Papal States by local authorities where the sentences were handed out. From 1870 to 1929 the Vatican had no sovereign territories, and no death sentences were applied. Officially re-introduced in the Law Codes in 1927, only for papal murder. Abolished in 1969. |
Oceania
There are 14 member states of the United Nations in Oceania. Of these:
- 1 (7.14 %) retain capital punishment but have not used it in the last ten years.
- 13 (92.86 %) have fully abolished capital punishment.
Only Tonga has not formally abolished capital punishment despite not using it since 1982.
The countries in Oceania that most recently abolished the death penalty are Papua New Guinea (2022), Nauru (2016), and Fiji (2015).
Retained in law but has not used it in the last ten years and believed to have a policy of not carrying out executions or have made a commitment not to do so.
Completely abolished
| Key | Country
|
Last execution | Executions in 2024 | Year abolished | Notes
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Australia
|
1967[377] | 1985 | Capital punishment was abolished in Queensland in 1922; Tasmania in 1968; the Northern Territory, the Australian Capital Territory and the Commonwealth in 1973; Victoria in 1975; South Australia in 1976; Western Australia in 1984; and New South Wales in 1985. On 11 March 2010, Federal Parliament passed laws that prevent the death penalty from being reintroduced by any state or territory in Australia.[378] | ||
 Fiji
|
*None since independence in 1970 (1964, before independence) | 2015[379] | Last execution when a colony of Britain was in 1964. The death penalty for crimes under the Republic of Fiji Military Forces Act was abolished in Feb 2015. Abolished for other crimes 1979. | ||
 Kiribati
|
*None since independence in 1979 | 1979 | |||
 Marshall Islands
|
*None since independence in 1986 | 1986 | Abolished in 1986 by Constitution. | ||
 Micronesia
|
*None since independence in 1986 | 1986 | Abolished in 1986 by Constitution. | ||
 Nauru
|
*None since independence in 1968 | 2016 | Death penalty abolished May 2016.[380] Despite having abolished capital punishment, Nauru voted against the UN Moratorium on the Death Penalty in 2018. | ||
 New Zealand
|
1957 | 1989 | Abolished in New Zealand in 1941 for most crimes, reinstated in 1950, abolished again in 1961 for most crimes, and formally abolished for treason in 1989. In 2007 the Cook Islands became the last of New Zealand's overseas territories to abolish capital punishment. | ||
 Palau
|
*None since independence in 1994 | 1994 | |||
 Papua New Guinea
|
*None since independence in 1975 (1957, before independence)[381] | 2022 | Last execution when under Australian administration in November 1957. The death penalty was abolished in 1970, five years before independence. It was reinstated in 1991, but never applied. It was abolished again in 2022.[382] | ||
 Samoa
|
*None since independence in 1962 (1952, before independence)[383] | 2004[384] | Last execution under New Zealand colonial rule in April 1952. Since independence in 1962 all death sentences were commuted to life imprisonment. The death penalty was formally abolished in 2004. | ||
 Solomon Islands
|
*None since independence in 1978 | 1978 | |||
 Tonga
|
1982[54] | N/A | Hanging. Capital punishment for treason; murder. | ||
 Tuvalu
|
*None since independence in 1978 | 1978 | |||
 Vanuatu
|
*None since independence in 1980 | 1980 |
Abolition chronology
Abolitionist states
Retentionist states
The table below lists in chronological order the 110 UN member or observer states that have completely abolished capital punishment. In the century after the abolition of capital punishment by Venezuela in 1863, only 11 more countries followed, not counting temporary abolitions that were later reversed. From the 1960s onwards, abolition accelerated: 4 countries abolished capital punishment in the 1960s (a record up to that time for any decade), 11 in the 1970s, and 10 in the 1980s. After the Cold War, many more countries followed: 36 countries abolished capital punishment in the 1990s, with 9 in 1990 alone, 23 in the 2000s, 11 in the 2010s, and 7 so far in the 2020s. Since 1985, there have been only 7 years when no country has abolished capital punishment: 2001, 2003, 2011, 2013, 2018, 2024, and 2025.
When a country has abolished, reinstated, and re-abolished (e.g. Philippines, Switzerland, Portugal, Italy) only the later abolition date is included. Countries which have abolished and since reinstated it and are yet to abolish it again (e.g. Liberia, Malawi) are excluded altogether. References are in the continental tables above and not repeated here. Federal countries such as the United States where it has not been abolished everywhere do not appear, even if some jurisdictions in that country have abolished capital punishment.
See also
- List of countries by incarceration rate
- List of most recent executions by jurisdiction
- American Convention on Human Rights
- European Convention on Human Rights
- Life imprisonment
- Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
- Corporal punishment
References
- ^ "Death sentences and executions in 2012". Amnesty International. 10 April 2013.
- ^ a b Bienen, Leigh B. (2011). Murder and Its Consequences: Essays on Capital Punishment in America (2 ed.). Northwestern University Press. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-8101-2697-8.
- ^ a b Tonry, Michael H. (2000). The Handbook of Crime & Punishment. Oxford University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-19-514060-6.
- ^ a b Reichert, Elisabeth (2011). Social Work and Human Rights: A Foundation for Policy and Practice. Columbia University Press. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-231-52070-6.
- ^ a b Durrant, Russil (2013). An Introduction to Criminal Psychology. Routledge. p. 268. ISBN 978-1-136-23434-7.
- ^ a b Bryant, Clifton D.; Peck, Dennis L. (2009). Encyclopedia of Death & Human Experience. Sage Publications. p. 144. ISBN 978-1-4129-5178-4.
- ^ a b Roberson, Cliff (2015). Constitutional Law and Criminal Justice, Second Edition. CRC Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-1-4987-2120-2.
- ^ "Death sentences and executions in 2024". Amnesty International. 2024. Retrieved 23 January 2026.
- ^ a b "ANNEX III: ABOLITIONIST AND RETENTIONIST COUNTRIES". Amnesty International. 7 April 2025.
- ^ "Executions of juveniles since 1990". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 4 December 2012.
- ^ Philp, Catherine (11 August 2017). "Iran hangs Ali Reza Tajiki, who was arrested for murder at age 15". The Times. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
- ^ "South Sudan steps up executions, children not spared". www.amnesty.org. 7 December 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
- ^ "Saudi Arabia scraps execution for those who committed crimes as minors: Commission". Reuters. 26 April 2020. Archived from the original on 27 April 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
- ^ "Gambia suspends death penalty en route to abolition". African News. 19 February 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
- ^ "Central African Republic abolishes death penalty". Vatican News. 28 May 2022. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
- ^ "Chad parliament abolishes death penalty for acts of terror". Punch. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
- ^ "Sierra Leone: Abolition of death penalty a major victory". Amnesty International. 25 July 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
- ^ a b Mbewe, Zondiwe (23 December 2022). "HH abolishes imposition of criminal defamation of President, death penalty". Zambia: News Diggers!. Archived from the original on 23 December 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
- ^ "Canadian's death sentence in China 'horrific', family says". BBC. 15 January 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
China is believed to execute more people annually than any other country, but is highly secretive about the number. Human rights group Amnesty International puts the figure in the thousands - more than the rest of the world's nations put together.
- ^ Liqun Cao (2017). "Understanding Homicide in China". In Brookman, Fiona; Maguire, Edward R.; Maguire, Mike (eds.). The Handbook of Homicide. Chichester: Wiley & Sons. p. 477. ISBN 9781118924471.
- ^ Garg, Abinhav (20 December 2019). "Why death penalty is almost unimplementable in India". The Times of India.
- ^ "Nirbhaya case: Four Indian men executed for 2012 Delhi bus rape and murder". BBC News. 20 March 2020.
- ^ "Japan Performed No Executions in 2023, Making U.S. the Only G7 Country to Use Capital Punishment Last Year". Death Penalty Information Center. 5 January 2024. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
- ^ "Government 'hasn't relaxed death penalty'". The Myanmar Times. 5 July 2018. Archived from the original on 4 October 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2020.
- ^ "Singapore executes Malaysian on drugs charges after rejecting mental disability appeal". Today. 27 April 2022. Archived from the original on 27 April 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2023.
- ^ "Singapore executes man for trafficking two pounds of cannabis". CNN. 26 April 2023.
- ^ "Singapore executes woman on drugs charge for the first time in 20 years". BBC News. 28 July 2023. Archived from the original on 28 July 2023.
- ^ "Man who killed ex-fiancee is first person to be executed for murder in Singapore since 2019". The Straits Times. 28 February 2024.
- ^ "Trio could face death over Bali 'Angel Delight' cocaine plot". BBC News. 3 June 2025. Retrieved 4 June 2025.
- ^ European External Action Service (30 September 2008). "European Union - EEAS (European External Action Service) | EU Policy on Death Penalty". Eeas.europa.eu. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
- ^ Crisp, James (1 April 2015). "Belarus and Ukrainan [sic] rebels keep death penalty alive in Europe". www.euractiv.com. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
- ^ "UN Says Fighting Fuels 'Dire' Situation In Eastern Ukraine As Winter Sets In". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 12 December 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
- ^ "More than 9 death sentences imposed in unrecognized Russian proxy Donbas 'republic'". khpg.org. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
- ^ "International law: abolition protocols ratified last month". World Coalition Against the Death Penalty. Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
- ^ "The abolition of the death penalty and its alternative sanction in Eastern Europe: Belarus, Russia and Ukraine" (PDF). Penal Reform International. London/Moscow. 2012. p. 6. Retrieved 11 July 2025.
- ^ "The abolition of the death penalty and its alternative sanction in Eastern Europe: Belarus, Russia and Ukraine" (PDF). Penal Reform International. London/Moscow. 2012. p. 40. Retrieved 11 July 2025.
- ^ "An end to the death penalty in Kazakhstan". The Sigrid Rausing Trust. 14 September 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
- ^ Human Development Report 2025 - A matter of choice: People and possibilities in the age of AI. United Nations Development Programme. 6 May 2025. Archived from the original on 6 May 2025. Retrieved 6 May 2025.
- ^ "World Economic Outlook Database April 2022 -- WEO Groups and Aggregates Information".
- ^ "Death sentences and executions in 2024". Amnesty International. 8 April 2025. Retrieved 27 January 2026.
- ^ "Overview of the death penalty worldwide in 2016". www.capitalpunishmentuk.org. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
- ^ "Death Penalty Worldwide". www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org. Archived from the original on 16 June 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Algeria". Death Penalty Worldwide. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
- ^ "HANDS OFF CAIN against death penalty in the world". Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ^ "Nito Alves 1945-1977 : Associação 27 de Maio" [Nito Alves 1945-1977: May 27th Association] (in Portuguese). 10 December 2014. Archived from the original on 10 December 2014.
- ^ "Benin: Accession to the Second Optional Protocol Aiming at the Abolition of the Death Penalty". Hands Off Cain. 5 July 2012. Archived from the original on 15 March 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- ^ a b "DEATH SENTENCES AND EXECUTIONS REPORT 2015". Amnesty International. April 2016. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
- ^ "Two men in Botswana hanged for murder divides social media". www.capetownetc.com. 9 February 2021.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Botswana". www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
- ^ "Burkina Faso abolishes death penalty in new penal code". Burkina Faso abolishes death penalty in new penal code. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
- ^ "Burkina Faso". www.amnesty.org. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
- ^ "Burundi: Imminent resumption of executions or summary trials and executions". Amnesty International. 22 November 2004. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link) - ^ "Burundi abolishes the death penalty but bans homosexuality". Amnesty International. 27 April 2009. Archived from the original on 18 February 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- ^ a b c d "Capital punishment in the Commonwealth". Capital Punishment UK. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Cameroon". Death Penalty Worldwide. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
- ^ "Concluding Observations of the Human Rights Committee, Cameroon, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/79/Add.116 (1999)". University of Minnesota. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- ^ "Cameroun: Paul Biya signe un décret conduisant à la libération de Michel Thierry Atangana". Jeune Afrique. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
- ^ "89 Boko Haram militants sentenced to death in Cameroon". CNN.com. 19 March 2016. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
- ^ "Central African Republic Becomes 24th African State to Abolish the Death Penalty". WCADP. 3 June 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2022.
- ^ "Chad executes 10 Boko Haram members by firing squad". Reuters.com. 29 August 2015. Archived from the original on 2 July 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2015.
- ^ "Le Tchad a un nouveau code péna" (in French). 15 September 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
- ^ "Chad reintroduces death penalty for acts of terror - BBC News". Bbc.com. 31 July 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
- ^ "Chad parliament abolishes death penalty for acts of terror". Punch Newspapers. 28 April 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
- ^ "Chad: Death penalty completely abolished". www.handsoffcain.info. 15 July 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
- ^ "The death penalty: List of abolitionist and retentionist countries (October 1996)". Amnesty International. 30 September 1996. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Comoros". www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
- ^ "Congo's Presidential Election Strengthens the Controversial New Constitution that Abolished Capital Punishment". 20 April 2016. Archived from the original on 30 August 2017. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
- ^ "Congo death verdict prompts worry". BBC News. 6 May 2010. Archived from the original on 30 August 2017.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Democratic Republic of the Congo". www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
- ^ a b c d "Executions worldwide this month". www.capitalpunishmentuk.org.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Egypt". Death Penalty Worldwide. Archived from the original on 24 March 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Egypt". www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
- ^ "Eq Guinea executes four coup convicts: Amnesty". Reuters. 24 August 2010.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link) - ^ "Equatorial Guinea abolishes death penalty, state television reports". The Guardian. 19 September 2022. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
- ^ a b "Amnesty International ABOLITIONIST AND RETENTIONIST COUNTRIES AS OF DECEMBER 2022" (PDF).
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Eritrea". Deathpenaltyworldwide.org. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
- ^ "Swaziland Moves Toward Execution By Lethal Injection; Hangman Unavailable". The Clarion Issue. 3 (2). February–March 2002. Archived from the original on 18 April 2003.
- ^ "IRIN-SA Weekly Round-up 21". Center for International Disaster Information. Archived from the original on 30 April 2005.
- ^ "Ethiopia executes spy boss killer". BBC News. 6 August 2007. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Ethiopia". Death Penalty Worldwide. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
- ^ "Concluding Observations of the Human Rights Committee, Gabon, U.N. Doc. CCPR/CO/70/GAB (2000)". University of Minnesota. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- ^ "Death Penalty: Hands Off Cain Announces Abolition in Gabon". Hands Off Cain. 14 February 2011. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- ^ Williams, Carol J. (31 August 2012). "Gambia, Iraq executions buck worldwide abolitionist trend". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Gambia". Death Penalty Worldwide. Archived from the original on 12 October 2018. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
- ^ a b "West Africa: Time to abolish the death penalty". Amnesty International. 9 October 2003. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link) - ^ "Gambia suspends death penalty in step towards abolition". The Guardian. 19 February 2018. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
- ^ "Gambia: 22 death sentences commuted to life imprisonment, a welcome step towards abolition". Amnesty International. 9 May 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
- ^ Degale, Isobelle (27 July 2023). "Jurist: Ghana Parliament votes to end death penalty". The Death Penalty Project. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
- ^ "Father sentenced to death for offering son as sacrifice". 11 August 2023.
- ^ "Guinea: Death Penalty/Fear of Imminent Execution". Amnesty International. 14 October 2001. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- ^ "Abolitionist and Retentionist countries as of July 2018" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 April 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
- ^ a b "The Death Penalty Worldwide: Developments in 2003". Amnesty International. 5 April 2004. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Kenya". Death Penalty Worldwide. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Lesotho". Deathpenaltyworldwide.org. Archived from the original on 12 October 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Lesotho". www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org. Archived from the original on 12 October 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Liberia". Deathpenaltyworldwide.org. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Liberia". Death Penalty Worldwide. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
- ^ "Armed Robbery, Hijacking and Terrorism Now Capital Offences in Liberia". New Liberian. 26 July 2008. Archived from the original on 21 December 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- ^ "Liberia: Death Penalty Under Fire". AllAfrica. 7 August 2008. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- ^ Executions in May 2010.
- ^ "Libya". World Coalition Against the Death Penalty. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Libya". Death Penalty Worldwide. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
- ^ "Libyan Court System And Criminal Justice". Bulgarian News Agency. Archived from the original on 13 January 2007.
- ^ "ISIL fighters executed by Haftar's forces in Libya".
- ^ "'Sham' Libya trials sentenced 22 to death: Rights group".
- ^ "MADAGASCAR: MPS ABOLISH THE DEATH PENALTY". Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ^ "Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty". United Nations Treaty Collection. Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- ^ a b c d "The death penalty worldwide: developments in 2004". Amnesty International. 4 April 2005. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Malawi". Death Penalty Worldwide. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Mali". Death Penalty Worldwide. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
- ^ a b "Laws around the World". Sodomy Laws. Archived from the original on 4 February 2005.
- ^ a b Sookhdeo, Patrick (3 July 2006). "Islamic Teaching on the Consequences of Apostasy from Islam". Barnabas Fund. Archived from the original on 9 July 2007. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- ^ "Mauritania". End Blasphemy Laws.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Mauritania". Death Penalty Worldwide. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Morocco". Death Penalty Worldwide. Archived from the original on 13 September 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
- ^ "Morocco: New Moves to Abolish Death Penalty". Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Niger". Death Penalty Worldwide. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
- ^ "LEDAP condemns execution of prisoners in Edo, seeks repeal of death penalty". The Guardian Nigeria. 3 January 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Nigeria". Death Penalty Worldwide. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
- ^ "World Day". World Coalition Against the Death Penalty. Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
- ^ "Rwanda's ban on executions helps bring genocide justice". CNN. 27 July 2007. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
- ^ "Sierra Leone abolishes death penalty". Guardian. 24 July 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
- ^ "Death sentences and executions in 2024". 8 April 2025.
- ^ "Criminal Law Amendment Act 1997". Government Gazette. 390 (18519). Republic of South Africa. 19 December 1997. Archived from the original on 13 August 2010.
- ^ Sibiya and Others v Director of Public Prosecutions: Johannesburg High Court and Others [2005] ZACC 6, 2005 (5) SA 315 (CC)
- ^ "Sudanese trader hanged for defilement and murder". 30 January 2025.
- ^ "Acts Supplement" (PDF). The Southern Sudan Gazette. 1 (1). Ministry Legal Affairs and Constitutional Development. 10 February 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2012.
- ^ "Sudan: Khartoum authorities hang South Sudanese woman". Hands Off Cain. 11 February 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
- ^ Ramani, Ken (28 March 2005). "Sudan: Attorney General expects death penalty for islamist coup plotters". The East African Standard. Kenya. Archived from the original on 9 April 2005.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Sudan". Death Penalty Worldwide. 6 April 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Tanzania". Death Penalty Worldwide. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
- ^ "Death Penalty News: September 2002". Amnesty International. 31 August 2002. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link) - ^ "Togo abolishes the death penalty". BBC News. 24 June 2009. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Tunisia". Death Penalty Worldwide. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
- ^ "TUNISIA TO MAINTAIN CAPITAL PUNISHMENT IN FUTURE CONSTITUTION". Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ^ Kiapi, Evelyn (14 November 2006). "Death Penalty: Uganda's Laws Favour Execution". Inter Press Service News Agency. Archived from the original on 9 January 2008. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- ^ "Uganda". World Coalition Against the Death Penalty. Retrieved 6 April 2025.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Uganda". Death Penalty Worldwide. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
- ^ "DEATH PENALTY: Uganda's Laws Favour Execution". 14 November 2006. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ^ "Uganda: Amnesty International calls on the Ugandan government to abolish the death penalty". 22 January 2009. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- ^ "Uganda abolishes mandatory death penalty". 21 August 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
- ^ "Death Sentences and Executions 2022" (PDF). Amnesty International. 2023.
- ^ "Zambia commits to irreversible abolition of the death penalty for all crimes". World Coalition Against the Death Penalty. 2024.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Zimbabwe". www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org. Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
- ^ a b "Zimbabwe abolishes death penalty". 31 December 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2025.
- ^ "Zimbabwe abolishes death penalty nearly two decades after last execution". Business Insider Africa. 7 February 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
- ^ "Zimbabwe: Historic moment as President signs into law a bill to abolish death penalty for ordinary circumstances". Amnesty International. 31 December 2024.
- ^ "Death sentences and executions 2012" (PDF). www.amnesty.org. Amnesty International. 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 February 2014.
- ^ a b "State by State". Death Penalty Information Center. Retrieved 19 December 2024.
- ^ "ADF project: 'Abolitionist in practice: Challenging the death penalty in countries which do not execute'". Death Penalty Research Unit. The Faculty of Law, University of Oxford. Retrieved 19 December 2024.
- ^ "Execution List 2015". Retrieved 2 January 2016.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Antigua and Barbuda". Death Penalty Worldwide. Archived from the original on 12 October 2018. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
- ^ a b "Death penalty 2016 Facts and figures". Amnesty International. 11 April 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
- ^ "Infoleg". servicios.infoleg.gob.ar. Archived from the original on 7 May 2017. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
- ^ a b Canaletti, Ricardo (13 July 2016). "La historia reciente de la pena de muerte en la Argentina - Ricardo Canaletti". Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
- ^ "Decreto Ley 10.363/1956". Boletín Oficial de la República Argentina. Nº 18, 171: 2.
- ^ "Decreto Ley 10.593/1956". Sistema Argentino de Información Jurídica.
- ^ "Ley 18,701". Boletín Oficial de la República Argentina. Nº 21, 941: 1.
- ^ "Ley 18.701". Sistema Argentino de Información Jurídica.
- ^ "Ley 20.509". Boletín Oficial de la República Argentina. Nº 22, 674: 3.
- ^ "Ley 21.338". Boletín Oficial de la República Argentina. Nº 23, 438: 2.
- ^ "Ley 23,077". InfoLEG.
- ^ "Ley 14,029". InfoLEG.
- ^ "Ley 26,394". InfoLEG.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Barbados". Death Penalty Worldwide. Archived from the original on 13 September 2018. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
- ^ "Hang them!". Nation Newspaper. 10 October 2010. Archived from the original on 25 January 2012.
- ^ Guyson Mayers, R.E. (19 September 2010). "A Guy's View: To hang or not to hang". The Barbados Advocate. Archived from the original on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
- ^ "Belize: Death Penalty, Gilroy "Hooty" Wade, Oscar "Negro" Catzim Mendez, Glenford Baptist". Amnesty International. 20 November 2001. Archived from the original on 26 November 2009. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Belize". Death Penalty Worldwide. Archived from the original on 9 May 2019. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
- ^ "The Constitution of the Republic of Bolivia said..." handsoffcain.info. 1 January 2008. Archived from the original on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2008.
- ^ "Law 6620, 17 December 1978" (in Portuguese). Presidency of Brazil. Archived from the original on 16 April 2008.
- ^ "Law Decree 431, 18 May 1938" (in Portuguese). Presidency of Brazil. Retrieved 3 February 2009.
- ^ "Law 1802, 5 January 1953" (in Portuguese). Presidency of Brazil. Retrieved 3 February 2009.
- ^ "Law Decree 898, 29 September 1969" (in Portuguese). Presidency of Brazil. Archived from the original on 29 April 2009.
- ^ "Death penalty in Brazil". Brazilian Embassy in London. 2002. Archived from the original on 25 February 2009. Retrieved 3 February 2009.
- ^ "Colombia abolished the death penalty in 1910". handsoffcain.info. 1 January 2008. Archived from the original on 12 February 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2008.
- ^ "Tourist information". Best Western. Archived from the original on 14 June 2004.
- ^ "Cuba ferry hijackers executed". BBC News. 11 April 2003. Archived from the original on 22 April 2003.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Cuba". deathpenaltyworldwide.org. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
- ^ "Cuba Archives".
- ^ Frank, Marc (28 April 2008). "Cuba's Raul Castro commutes most death sentences". Reuters. Archived from the original on 13 March 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
- ^ "Death Penalty Database". Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Dominica". Death Penalty Worldwide. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
- ^ a b "Constitutional prohibitions of the death penalty". Amnesty International. 31 May 1996. Archived from the original on 2 February 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
- ^ "Meet Maurice Bishop, Grenada's cherished revolutionary leader and president who was executed in 1983". Face2Face Africa. 29 May 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
- ^ "Guatemala: Death Penalty/imminent execution". Amnesty International. 19 June 2000. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
- ^ "Annual Report 2004 – Guyana". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 15 August 2004.
- ^ "Annual Report 2004 – Jamaica". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 15 August 2004.
- ^ "No to the Death Penalty". Community of Sant'Egidio. Archived from the original on 18 April 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
- ^ Kennedy, Duncan (11 August 2008). "Mexican fury grows at kidnappings". BBC News. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
- ^ "The Constitution of the Republic of Panama (1972) at Art. 3 states..." handsoffcain.info. 1 January 2008. Archived from the original on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2008.
- ^ Cunningham, C. H. (1920). "News and Notes". The Southwestern Political Science Quarterly. 1 (1): 48. ISSN 2374-1295. JSTOR 42883900.
- ^ "Looking for an Ancestor in the Panama Canal Zone, 1904-1914". National Archives. 15 August 2016.
- ^ "The Constitution of Paraguay (1992) at Art. 4..." handsoffcain.info. 1 January 2008. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2008.
- ^ "St Kitts and Nevis: Execution is a shameless act". Amnesty International. 22 December 2008. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
- ^ "Death Penalty". Amnesty International. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
- ^ "Capital punishment and implementation of the safeguards guaranteeing protection of the rights of those facing the death penalty" (PDF). United Nations Economic and Social Council. 9 March 2005. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2015.
- ^ "Federal Laws Providing for the Death Penalty". Death Penalty Information Center. Archived from the original on 1 August 2008. Retrieved 13 July 2006.
- ^ Pinkard, Eric (Fall 1999). "The death penalty for drug kingpins: constitutional and international implications". Vermont Law Review. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
In 1994 Congress enacted the Federal Death Penalty Act (FDPA) with provisions permitting the imposition of the death penalty on Drug Kingpins. The FDPA is unprecedented in American legal history in that the death penalty can be imposed in cases where the Drug Kingpin does not take a human life.
- ^ "American Samoa: Governor moves to repeal death penalty". Hands Off Cain. 11 September 2012. Archived from the original on 18 February 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
- ^ a b "Myanmar: First executions in decades mark atrocious escalation in state repression". Amnesty International. 25 July 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
- ^ a b "Malaysia passes sweeping legal reforms to remove the mandatory death penalty". ABC News (Australia). 3 April 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
- ^ "Death Penalty Worldwide". www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org. Archived from the original on 27 April 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
- ^ "Overview of the death penalty worldwide in 2016". www.capitalpunishmentuk.org.
- ^ Faiez, Rahim (26 February 2024). "The Taliban hold another public execution as thousands watch at a stadium in northern Afghanistan". Associated Press. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
- ^ "Taliban to cut hands of thieves, reveals punishment for 'illegal intercourse'". 14 September 2021.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Afghanistan". www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org. Archived from the original on 14 September 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
- ^ Fox, Kara; Timm-Garcia, Jaide (27 July 2019). "Bahrain executes three men the day after US reinstates federal death penalty". CNN. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Bahrain". Death Penalty Worldwide. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
- ^ "Executions worldwide this month". www.capitalpunishmentuk.org. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
- ^ "MP murder case: Bangla court awards death penalty to 22". Zee News.[dead link]
- ^ "Bangladesh – Laws". Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Bangladesh". Death Penalty Worldwide. Archived from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
- ^ "2003 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – Bangladesh". United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. 25 February 2004. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
- ^ a b "Brunei – Country Specific Information". United States Bureau of Consular Affairs. Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Brunei". Death Penalty Worldwide. Archived from the original on 13 May 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
- ^ "Brunei Law To Allow Death By Stoning For Gay Sex". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 25 April 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ^ "Rights groups warn Myanmar military executing more anti-coup activists".
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Myanmar". Death Penalty Worldwide. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
- ^ "La peine de mort pour les crimes liés à la drogue en Asie". Mouvement mondial des droits humains.
- ^ a b "The Death Penalty in Myanmar". dpw.pointjupiter.co. Archived from the original on 4 November 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
- ^ a b "A History of Capital Punishment in Burma". www2.irrawaddy.com.
- ^ "Taxi Driver Sentenced to Death for Rape and Murder of FDA Worker". The Irrawaddy. 22 June 2018.
- ^ "Myanmar". www.amnesty.org.
- ^ "Martial Law in Myanmar a Death Knell for Fair Trials". 16 March 2021.
- ^ "Myanmar tribunal sentences 19 to death for violence toward military". 10 April 2021.
- ^ "Myanmar: First executions in decades mark atrocious escalation in state repression". 25 July 2022.
- ^ a b c "Myanmar Junta Approves Death Sentences for Two Anti-Regime Activists". 3 June 2022.
- ^ "Myanmar executes four democracy activists, drawing condemnation and outrage". Reuters. 25 July 2022.
- ^ Khit Thit Media (1 December 2022). "Breaking News". Facebook.
- ^ "福建商人缅甸南邓开金店遭劫杀，3凶手在犯案11天后被枪决". www.guancha.cn.
- ^ "Wa Authorities Say Two Men Executed in Self-Ruling Region". The Irrawaddy. 14 March 2016.
- ^ "Chinese National, Accused of Murder, Allegedly Executed in Mong La". The Irrawaddy. 3 February 2016.
- ^ "故意杀人犯张克平被执行死刑" [Intentional murderer Zhang Keping was executed]. Guangming.com (in Chinese (China)). 5 February 2024. Retrieved 5 February 2024.
- ^ "Saudi Arabia: Man beheaded after 30 yrs on death row". Hands Off Cain. 5 February 2013. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
- ^ Blanchard, Ben (9 February 2015). "Chinese billionaire mining tycoon Liu Han is executed over his links to a 'mafia-style' gang". Smh.com.au. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
- ^ "People's Republic of China: Executed "according to law"? The death penalty in China". Amnesty International. 22 March 2004. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
- ^ a b "Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste" (PDF). Government of Timor-Leste. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f "The end of capital punishment in Europe". Capital Punishment U.K. Archived from the original on 8 April 2008.
- ^ "India executes four men convicted of bus gang rape and murder". Sky News.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in India". Death Penalty Worldwide. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
- ^ "15 foreigners among 48 handed death penalty in Indonesia last year: Amnesty". The Jakarta Post.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Indonesia". Death Penalty Worldwide. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
- ^ "Executions spark Indonesia unrest". BBC News. 22 September 2006. Archived from the original on 28 March 2007. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
- ^ "Iran executions see 'unprecedented spike' - Amnesty". BBC News Middle East. British Broadcasting Corporation. 23 July 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2015. Amnesty International said there is credible information that at least 743 people were executed in Iran in 2014. Officially 239 people were executed in Iran in 2014.
- ^ "Executions in 2009". Hands Off Cain. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
- ^ "Iran - Facts on Trafficking and Prostitution". Archived from the original on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
- ^ "NTC - Bancadati. Iran". Hands Off Cain. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Iran". Death Penalty Worldwide. Archived from the original on 7 April 2019. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
- ^ "Iraq Executes Ex-Regime Officer Convicted of Killing Mohammed Baqir al-Sadr". Kurdistan 24. 9 February 2026.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Iraq". Death Penalty Worldwide. Archived from the original on 13 July 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
- ^ Baker, Luke (8 August 2004). "Iraq reimposes death penalty". IOL News. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
- ^ Shumway, Chris (10 August 2004). "Human rights groups condemn Iraq's death penalty decision". The New Standard. Archived from the original on 24 April 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
- ^ "Iraq to restore death penalty". The Sydney Morning Herald. 7 June 2004. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
- ^ "4 Al Qaeda Leaders Executed in Iraq". Archived from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ^ "Kurdistan Region debates merit, ethics of using the death penalty".
- ^ "Gesetzesinitiative: Israel will Todesstrafe für Terroristen einführen". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (in German). ISSN 0174-4909. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
- ^ "Japan executes 'Twitter killer' who murdered 9 people: Media reports". The Straits Times. 27 June 2025.
- ^ "No death penalties carried out in Japan in 2020 for first time in 9 years". Mainichi Daily News. 29 December 2020.
- ^ "Jordanian executed by hanging for burning wife to death". 4 August 2021.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Jordan". Death Penalty Worldwide. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
- ^ "Panel to examine whether to reinstate executions". Jordan Times. 9 November 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
- ^ "The Death Penalty Worldwide: Developments in 2003". Amnesty International. 5 April 2004. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ^ a b "Kazakhstan abolishes capital punishment after 17-year freeze". Central Asia Post. 2 January 2021. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
- ^ "Kazakhstan takes important step towards abolishing death penalty". www.amnesty.org. 24 September 2020.
- ^ "Kazakhstan Signs Global Treaty to Abolish Death Penalty". Death Penalty Information Center.
- ^ "Kuwait: Five hanged as Kuwait continues execution spree into second year". Amnesty International. 28 July 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
- ^ Ahmed, Fajer (3 April 2013). "Capital Punishment". 248am. Mark. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Kuwait". Death Penalty Worldwide. Archived from the original on 12 October 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
- ^ "Kyrgyzstan Abolishes Death Penalty". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 27 June 2007. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ^ "Abolition of the death penalty by Kyrgyzstan". France Diplomatie. 28 June 2007. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.
- ^ "Annual Report 2003 – Laos". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 5 July 2003.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Laos". Death Penalty Worldwide. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
- ^ "Lebanon resumes executions after 5-year lull". Sunday Observer. Sri Lanka. 18 January 2004. Archived from the original on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ^ "Lebanon". World Coalition Against the Death Penalty. Retrieved 7 April 2025.
- ^ "Lebanon: Further Information on Death penalty/imminent execution". Amnesty International. 15 January 2004. Archived from the original on 30 December 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Lebanon". Death Penalty Worldwide. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
- ^ "Brothers executed at Kajang Prison - Nation - The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my. 15 March 2017.
- ^ "Reforms of Mandatory Death Penalty in Malaysia: What Do The Bills Say?" (PDF). Amnesty Malaysia. 29 March 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
- ^ Abd Rahim, Abu Daud; Zulkifli, Muhamad Zuraidi (6 July 2023). "Abolishment of Mandatory Death Penalty in Malaysia". Azmi & Associates. Archived from the original on 21 July 2024. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
- ^ "Malaysia to abolish death penalty". Al Jazeera. 11 October 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
- ^ "Death penalty to be abolished". New Straits Times. 10 October 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
- ^ "Malaysia continues to grapple with death penalty abolition". Qantara.de - Dialogue with the Islamic World. 10 April 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
- ^ Heather Chen (10 June 2022). "Malaysia to abolish mandatory death penalty in move welcomed by rights campaigners". CNN. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
- ^ Haleem, Adam (27 January 2002). "Family demands death penalty". Maldives Culture. Archived from the original on 27 April 2002.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Maldives". www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org. Archived from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
- ^ "Mongolia takes ‘vital step forward’ in abolishing the death penalty" Archived 25 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Amnesty International, 5 January 2012
- ^ Bellware, Kim (6 April 2016). "Worldwide Executions Surge To Highest Levels In 25 Years". HuffPost. Archived from the original on 6 March 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
- ^ "Worldwide Executions Surge to Highest Levels in 25 Years". HuffPost. 6 April 2016.
- ^ "Après un long processus, la Mongolie abolit la peine de mort", Le Monde, 7 July 2017
- ^ "Down with the death penalty". Kathmandu Post. 4 May 2018. Archived from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
- ^ Jeong, Seo-yeong (23 January 2025). "N. Korea executes nuclear power plant researchers over project failures". Daily NK. Retrieved 29 January 2025.
- ^ "The Judiciary". North Korea: A Country Study. The Library of Congress. 2009. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ^ Anema, Wietske. "The rights of prisoners in cases of capital punishment". Human Rights Council.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in North Korea". www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
- ^ "Death sentences and executions in 2024". 8 April 2025.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Oman". Death Penalty Worldwide. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
- ^ "Annual Report 2002 – Oman". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 13 November 2002.
- ^ Philip, Snehesh Alex (24 November 2019). "Pakistan hangs former brigadier for spying: Social media reports". ThePrint. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Pakistan". Death Penalty Worldwide. Archived from the original on 27 September 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
- ^ "Death penalty offences". Human Rights Commission of Pakistan. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
- ^ "Worldwide Executions 2006-2025 Index – Capital Punishment UK".
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Palestinian Authority". Death Penalty Database. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
- ^ "United Nations Treaty Collection". treaties.un.org. Archived from the original on 4 January 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
- ^ "BBC News - ASIA-PACIFIC - Philippines execution first of millennium". news.bbc.co.uk.
- ^ "Philippines. Vers la réintroduction de la peine de mort ?". courrierinternational.com (in French). Courrier International. 9 March 2017.
- ^ Hincks, Joseph (7 March 2017). "Philippine House Votes to Reimpose the Death Penalty". Time.
- ^ "Nepali man shot to death in Qatar as punishment for murder". 21 May 2020.
- ^ "Qatar: Death Penalty, Firas Nassuh Salim Al-Majali". Amnesty International. 28 October 2002. Archived from the original on 20 June 2009. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ^ Kiss, Jemima (6 April 2005). "Crusading journalist wins case against Al-Jazeera". Journalism.co.uk. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ^ "Qatar". End Blasphemy Laws.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Qatar". Death Penalty Worldwide. Archived from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
- ^ Fatima, Sakina (7 March 2024). "Saudi executes five Pakistanis for murder of Bangladeshi guard". The Siasat Daily.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link) - ^ "Saudi Arabia: Five beheaded and 'crucified' amid 'disturbing' rise in executionsa". Amnesty. 21 May 2013. Archived from the original on 30 January 2015.
- ^ "Women executed by sword in Saudi Arabia". AFP. Agence France-Presse. 13 October 2011. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2011.
- ^ Tan, Amy (12 April 2002). "Singapore death penalty shrouded in silence". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2 September 2007. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Singapore". Death Penalty Worldwide. Archived from the original on 13 July 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
- ^ "어이없고 해괴한 범죄 '사이코패시'족들!" [The outrageous and bizarre criminal 'psychopathic' people!]. TV report (in Korean).
- ^ "The Death Penalty in South Korea". Death Penalty Worldwide. Archived from the original on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
- ^ "South Korea: Death penalty abolition – historic opportunity". Amnesty International. 19 April 2005. Archived from the original on 9 June 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Sri Lanka". Death Penalty Worldwide. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
- ^ "Death sentences and executions in 2024". 8 April 2025.
- ^ a b c "The Death Penalty in Syria". Death Penalty Worldwide. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
- ^ "Syria: Extrajudicial Executions". 9 April 2012.
- ^ "Man convicted of double murder to be executed tonight". Taipei Times. 16 January 2025.
- ^ a b "The Death Penalty in Taiwan". www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
- ^ "Tajikistan: Death Penalty". Legislationline. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Tajikistan". www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
- ^ "ความตายในรอบ 9 ปี 'ราชทัณฑ์' ประหารชีวิตนักโทษชาย คดีฆ่าชิงทรัพย์" [Death in 9 years as 'Corrections' executes male prisoners murder and robbery case]. Voice TV (in Thai). Bangkok: Voice Online Editorial Department. 18 June 2018. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
- ^ "UP Woman Shahzadi Khan Executed In UAE". 4 March 2025. Retrieved 4 March 2025.
- ^ "United Arab Emirates (UAE)". Amnesty International. 2 April 2002. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in United Arab Emirates". Death Penalty Worldwide. 24 December 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
- ^ "UAE new law: Life sentence for rape; can extend to death in case of minor victim". Khaleej Times. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
- ^ "Uzbekistan: Further information on: Fear of imminent execution/torture and ill-treatment". Amnesty International. 7 April 2005. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ^ "Presidential Decree on the abolition of the death penalty". Legislationline. 19 August 2005. Archived from the original on 28 October 2007.
- ^ "Death sentences and executions in 2024". 8 April 2025.
- ^ "Why is the death penalty being scaled back?". Việt Nam News. 4 July 2025. Retrieved 4 July 2025.
- ^ "Socialist Republic of Viet Nam: The death penalty – inhumane and ineffective". Amnesty International. 27 August 2003. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Vietnam". Death Penalty Worldwide. Archived from the original on 14 September 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
- ^ "Yemen: Further information on Imminent execution, Fuad 'Ali Mohsin al-Shahari". Amnesty International. 6 April 2005. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link) - ^ "Yemen: Further Information on: Death by stoning and flogging". Amnesty International. 6 September 2004. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ^ Signorile, Michelangelo. "Hate Crimes: Like the Taliban, America's Middle East Allies Tyrannize Gays and Women". Gay and Lesbian Arabic Society. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ^ "Read about 'blasphemy' laws in Yemen". End Blasphemy Laws.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Yemen". Death Penalty Worldwide. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
- ^ "EEAS - European External Action Service - European Commission". EEAS - European External Action Service.
- ^ "Death penalty: Ratification of international treaties". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 17 January 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ^ "Death sentences and executions 2022". 16 May 2023.
- ^ "Belarus: Death Penalty". Legislationline. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ^ "The Constitution of the Republic of Croatia". Constitution Society. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ^ Yvonne Hötzel: Debatten um die Todesstrafe in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland von 1949 bis 1990. Berlin 2010, pp. 65 ff.
- ^ "Death Penalty: 3,797 executed in 2004". www.payvand.com. Archived from the original on 6 August 2018. Retrieved 8 June 2017.
- ^ "The death penalty worldwide" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
- ^ a b Bragadottir, Ragnheidur. "Dauðarefsingar á Íslandi" [Death penalties in Iceland] (in Icelandic). Akureyri, Iceland: Akureyri Art Museum. Archived from the original on 11 November 2009. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
Síðan liðu 40 ár þar til síðasta aftakan fór fram, en það var 12. janúar 1830 þegar Agnes Magnúsdóttir og Friðrik Sigurðsson voru tekin af lífi í Vatnsdalshólum í Húnavatnssýslu fyrir morðið á Natani Ketilssyni.
[Then 40 years passed until the last execution took place, which was on January 12, 1830, when Agnes Magnúsdóttir and Friðrik Sigurðsson were executed in Vatnsdalshólar in Húnavatnssýsla County for the murder of Natan Ketilsson.] - ^ a b Bragadottir, Ragnheidur. "Dauðarefsingar á Íslandi" [Death penalties in Iceland] (in Icelandic). Akureyri, Iceland: Akureyri Art Museum. Archived from the original on 11 November 2009. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
Árið 1928 var til meðferðar á Alþingi frumvarp til breytinga á almennum hegningarlögum. Þingmaður Dalamanna, Sigurður Eggerz, setti þá fram tillögu um afnám líflátsrefsinga. Var hún samþykkt án teljandi umræðna og var dauðarefsing þar með afnumin á Íslandi.
- ^ Bragadottir, Ragnheidur. "Dauðarefsingar á Íslandi" [Death penalties in Iceland] (in Icelandic). Akureyri, Iceland: Akureyri Art Museum. Archived from the original on 11 November 2009. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
Mannréttindasáttmáli Evrópu var lögfestur á Íslandi árið 1995 og eru ákvæði hans þar með orðin hluti af íslenskum rétti. Ári síðar var mannréttindaákvæðum stjórnarskrárinnar mikið breytt og þau aukin. Var þá m.a. sett í stjórnarskrána bann við dauðarefsingu, en þar segir nú að aldrei megi mæla fyrir um slíka refsingu í lögum.
- ^ "Carte interactive : la peine de mort dans le monde". www.diplomatie.gouv.fr. Archived from the original on 30 April 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
- ^ "The Death Penalty around the World". www.diplomatie.gouv.fr.
- ^ "Notification of Ratification". Council of Europe. 3 February 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ^ "Today in Capital Punishment History". NCAPD. Archived from the original on 10 May 2008. Retrieved 4 June 2008.
- ^ Roger Hood and Carolyn Hoyle (2008, 4th ed.). The Death Penalty: A Worldwide Perspective (Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-922847-7) app. 1.
- ^ "Dragiša Ristić". SPSK. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
- ^ "Antilles to abolish capital punishment". The Daily Herald. 11 March 2010. Archived from the original on 6 September 2017. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ^ "Portuguese Constitution of 1933 - Part I, Title II, Article 8º, Nº11: [Translation]: "Nobody shall be punished by imprisonment for an unlimited term or by death, except however, as regards the latter, during a state of war with a foreign country, in which case the sentence must be carried out in the theatre of war."" (PDF) (in Portuguese). 11 April 1933. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2026.
- ^ "Article 3 of Law 635 - Amendment to the Portuguese Constitution of 1911 - The exception on the article of the death penalty: [Translation] The Death Penalty (...) cannot be reestablished in any case (...) # with the exception, about the Death Penalty, only in case of war with a foreign country (...) and only in the theater of war." (PDF). Diário do Governo (in Portuguese). Diário do Governo da República Portuguesa. 28 September 1916. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 March 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
- ^ "Abolition of the death penalty". European Heritage Label. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ^ "Decree-Law No. 6" (in Romanian). National Salvation Front Council. 7 January 1990. Archived from the original on 25 July 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ^ "Russian Federation: Death Penalty". Legislationline. Archived from the original on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ^ "PC.DEL/397/10 13 May 2010" (PDF) (in Italian). OSCE.
- ^ "1865. San Marino decide la completa abolizione della pena di morte" [1865. San Marino decides to completely abolish the death penalty]. sanmarinortv.sm (in Italian). 10 October 2010. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
- ^ "Ley Orgánica 11/1995, de 27 de noviembre, de abolición de la pena de muerte en tiempo de guerra" [Organic Law 11/1995, of November 27, on the abolition of the death penalty in times of war] (in Spanish). Government of Spain. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link) - ^ "Annual Report 1999 – Ukraine". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 9 November 1999.
- ^ a b c Magen, Amichai; Morlino, Leonardo (25 July 2008). International Actors, Democratization and the Rule of Law: Anchoring Democracy?. Routledge. p. 196. ISBN 978-1-134-05814-3.
- ^ a b c The Death Penalty: Beyond Abolition. Council of Europe. 1 January 2004. p. 74. ISBN 978-92-871-5333-3.
- ^ Serial killer Onopriyenko dies in Zhytomyr prison, Interfax-Ukraine (28 August 2013)
- ^ "Donetsk Separatists Introduce Death Penalty for Treason". The Moscow Times. 18 August 2014.
- ^ a b Allen, John R. (14 September 2001). "He executed justice". National Catholic Reporter.
- ^ "Death penalty in Australia". New South Wales Council for Civil Liberties. Archived from the original on 29 March 2010.
- ^ "Chances of return to death penalty remain almost nil". Sydney Morning Herald. 17 June 2013.
- ^ "Fiji abolishes death penalty for all crithrough amendment to military law". World Coalition Against the Death Penalty. Archived from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ^ "Nauru updates its Criminal Code, abolishes Death Penalty and Decriminalize Homosexuality". La France à Fidji. Archived from the original on 9 August 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
- ^ "PNG urged to abandon death penalty". AM. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 12 November 2007.
- ^ "Death Penalty Act Repealed". Papua New Guinea Post-Courier. 21 January 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
- ^ "Samoa seeks to formally abolish death penalty". ABC. 17 January 2004. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
- ^ "Crimes (Abolition of Death Penalty) Amendment Act 2004". Samoa Sessional Legislation. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
External links
- Amnesty International
- The Death Penalty Worldwide
- Countries retaining death penalty fail to give details of executions – United Nations, 14 July 2005
- Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
- European Convention on Human Rights - Protocol 13
- American Convention on Human Rights - Protocol to Abolish the Death Penalty
- Death Penalty in Asia-Pacific
- Monthly updates of world-wide executions
- Hands Off Cain (results may vary)
- Abolition UK
- Death Penalty Worldwide Academic research database on the laws, practice, and statistics of capital punishment for every death penalty country in the world.
