Baháʼí Faith in New Zealand

The Bahá’í Faith in New Zealand.

The first mention of events related to the history of the Baháʼí Faith in New Zealand appeared in a Wellington newspaper in July 1846. There were several contacts between New Zealanders and Baháʼís at the beginning of the 20th century. Ongoing communication began around 1904 when one individual after another came in contact with Baháʼís and some of these individuals published articles in the print media in New Zealand as early as 1908.

For example, New Zealander Wilhelmina Sherriff Bain may have met Sarah Jane Farmer, a notable Baháʼí in the United States, (see Green Acre) in 1904. Whoever her contact was, Bain authored a large detailed article in the Otago Witness published edition of 30 December 1908 about the religion. Other articles followed in 1909, 1911, and 1913. It is also known that letters were exchanged in 1910 between a Mildred Burdon of Geraldine and ʻAbdu'l-Bahá. Robert Felkin, who had met ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, the Son of Bahá'u’lláh, the Founder of the Baháʼí Faith, in London in 1911, moved to New Zealand in 1912 where he helped found the Whare Ra. He wrote an article for a New Zealand publication which was published around that time too.

The first Baháʼí in the Antipodes was Dorothea Spinney who arrived in Auckland, from New York, in 1912. Shortly thereafter – about 1913 – there were two converts. They were Robert Felkin, who is considered to be a Baháʼí by 1914 and Margaret Stevenson who first heard of the religion in 1911 and who, by her own testimony, was a Baháʼí in 1913. Auckland resident Margaret Stevenson's interest was aroused when her sister, Amy, living in the United Kingdom, sent her a copy of "The Christian Commonwealth" which had reported on ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's speech in London on 27 March 1911. Stevenson followed up her interest in the prophet and His teachings and subscribed to a Baháʼí magazine published in the United States. According to the claims of the Baháʼí Faith, she found, God reveals himself through prophets who appear at various stages in history, and that the most recent of these was Bahá'u’lláh. Followers stress the oneness of people: “The earth is but one country, and mankind its citizens. It is not for him to pride himself who loveth his own country, but rather for him who loveth the whole world”. (Gleanings From the Writings of Baha’u’llah, pp 215, 249-250). Stevenson became a believer, and devoted the rest of her life to the service of the Baháʼí Faith.[1]                                    

Growth of the community

Abdu'l-Bahá wrote a series of letters, or tablets, to the Baha’is of the United States and Canada in 1916–1917. These letters were publishes in book form titled Tablets of the Divine Plan. The seventh of these tablets,written on 11 April 1916, was the first to mention the Baháʼí Faith in New Zealand“The moment this divine Message is carried forward by  the American believers .......and is propagated through the continents .........Then will all the peoples of the world witness that this community is spiritually illumined and divinely guided......... if some teachers go to other islands and other parts, such as the continent of Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania, ......most great results will be forthcoming”. (Tablet to the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada Revealed on April 11, 1916)

      These tablets were translated and published in the magazine Star of the West on 12 December 1919.

           Stevenson was visited by Australian community founders John and Clara Hyde-Dunn in both 1922 and 1923 and the New Zealand community quickly grew. New adherents included Stevenson's sisters Amy and Lilias.

           In 1924 Martha Root shared the news that Shoghi Effendi, then head of the Baha’i religion, would receive Baháʼís of New Zealand who wished to undertake pilgrimage. 1924 was also the year in which the first pioneer from New Zealand, Nora Lee, moved to Fiji.

            In 1925 Stevenson and two other New Zealand converts, joined with  a contingent from Australia for a year-long trip. They first went on pilgrimage for 19 days and then visited with the community of the Baháʼí Faith in the United Kingdom. During the period of their travels the news journal of New Zealand and Australia, 'Herald of the South 'was first published, initially in Auckland  later, in 1931 publication was transferred to Adelaide, Australia.

On their return they carried with them dust from the Tomb of Baháʼu'lláh, which was placed in New Zealand soil at Stevenson's home in a ceremony held on 14 February 1926.

       Also, in 1926, the Baháʼís in Auckland elected their first Baháʼí Local Spiritual Assembly. By 1928 there were a total of seven such Assemblies in New Zealand and Australia. By 1940 there were 19 Assemblies in total, and smaller groups of Baháʼís in 17 other locations. In 1931 the prominent Baháʼí Keith Ransom-Kehler, visited.[2]

       In 1934 Baháʼís of Australia and New Zealand elected a Regional National Assembly - there were three delegates from Auckland, three from Sydney and three from Adelaide.In 1947 Alvin and Gertrude Blum left the United States for New Zealand where they lived until 1953 when they pioneered and became Knights of Baháʼu'lláh for the Solomon Islands. In 1948 Albert White became the first person of Māori descent to accept the Baháʼí Faith. In 1949 the first Persian Baháʼí pioneer, Manoochehr Alaʼi, arrived as a student at Massey College. In 1953 the first standing Hand of the Cause, ʻAlí-Akbar Furútan, visited New Zealand.

           In 1957 the New Zealand community held its first independent National Convention to elect its own National Spiritual Assembly with three delegates from Auckland and two each from Devonport, New Plymouth and Wellington.

            In 1958 Hand of the Cause of God, Enoch Olinga visited the Ngāruawāhia Marae and talked with elders. Four years later, when Hand of the Cause of God, Dr Muhajir visited, Ephraim Te Paa, a Kaumatua (Māori elder) from Ahipara became a Baha’i. In 1963, at the time of the election of the first Universal House of Justice, there were four Assemblies - Auckland, Devonport, Hamilton, Wellington – and 18 localities with smaller groups of Baháʼís.

            The members of the NewZealand National Spiritual Assembly, who participated in the convention for the first election of the Universal House of Justice, were: Hugh Blundell, John Carr, Margaret Harnish, Linda Hight, Percy Leadley, Phyllis Milne, Jean Simmons, Douglas Weeks, and Terry Stirling.

Growth in the last 50 Years

In 1979, the New Zealand Baháʼí community came to the assistance of refugees to this country who were escaping from the persecution of Baháʼís in Iran .  Later, between 1987 and 1989, some 142 Iranian Baháʼís settled in New Zealand. [3]

Since its inception the religion has had involvement in socio-economic development beginning by giving greater freedom to women,[4] promulgating the promotion of female education as a priority concern,[5] and that involvement was given practical expression by creating schools, agricultural coops, and clinics.[4] The religion entered a new phase of activity when a message of the Universal House of Justice dated 20 October 1983 was released.[6] Baháʼís were urged to seek out ways, compatible with the Baháʼí teachings, in which they could become involved in the social and economic development of the communities in which they lived. Worldwide in 1979, there were 129 officially recognised Baháʼí socio-economic development projects. By 1987, the number of officially recognised development projects had increased to 1482. In the modern Baháʼí community of New Zealand the Baháʼís have multiplied their interests internally and externally. Aside from major themes there have also been individual work done in variety of topics – for example post-traumatic stress syndrome.[7] Additionally the community has continued to advocate with the New Zealand government to speak up on behalf of the persecuted Baháʼís in Iran.[8]

Race Relations

In 1997[9] the Baháʼí community approached the Race Relations Conciliator with a project to honour the memory of Hedi Moani, an Iranian-born Baháʼí who worked to promote positive race relations.[10] Discussions took place over many months and on 10 December 1998 (Human Rights Day), the Race Relations Office formally announced that Race Unity Day would be celebrated in New Zealand on 21 March each year.[9] The first awards were in 2001.[10] There are reviews of speeches in 2007,[10] 2008,[11] and 2009.[12] National coverage of events with the police was affirmed in 2008.[13] In addition to national-scale events various localities have had local competitions – an example was the observance in Whangārei[14] and Lower Hutt in 2009.[15] In 2012 then 13-year-old Rima Shenoy submitted a video that won first place in the Race Unity Speech Awards of the New Zealand Police and the Baháʼís.[16]

Development

As the Baháʼí community has grown in size and complexity it has also run into controversies and survived. In the 1980s there was a controversy about the status of women not being electable to the Universal House of Justice.[17][18] In 1989 there was a controversy over the burial of a Māori Baháʼí, Pakaka Tawhai. Though the National Assembly had consulted with Tawhai's wife about burial, Pakaka's tribal family, the Ngati Porou, confronted the Baháʼís during the tangihanga, demanding to take his body back to Ruatoria. Ultimately they failed.[19] Then member of the Universal House of Justice Peter Khan spoke at a conference in New Zealand in 2000, noting that the Universal House of Justice had received letters "written in distasteful language" from New Zealand – he encouraged systematic education of children, application of a moral life, a serious study of the Covenant of Baháʼu'lláh, and study of the writings of Shoghi Effendi.[20]

Beyond controversies, the Baháʼís in New Zealand have broadened their interests both through individual initiatives and collective action. In 1991 an assembly was elected in the Kāpiti Coast District. In 2000 two Baháʼí pioneers from New Zealand settled in Pitcairn Islands, one of the few nations on earth that had no Baháʼí presence.[20] In 2006 Baháʼís helped dedicate the temporary Spiritual Centre at Middlemore Hospital.[21] In 2007 Dunedin Baháʼís had been granted access to a community centre.[22] The Universal House of Justice called for a regional conference for the Baháʼís from New Zealand, the Cook Islands, Fiji, Hawaii, Kiribati, New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands, Samoa, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu to be held in Auckland's Manukau City, on the sacred grounds of their marae, in 2008 and it came to pass in February 2009.[23] The Baháʼí on Air television show is broadcast weekly on Auckland's Triangle TV which also covers the Cook Islands, American Samoa, and Adelaide, Australia.[24] There has also been an independent documentary by a non-Baháʼí New Zealander exploring the religion in 2007.[25] In 2011 Baháʼís participated in the community memorial for those who had died in the 2011 Christchurch earthquake.[26] It was mentioned in a review of spirituality in business in 2012.[27] The community in Tauranga invited the Baháʼís to join their interfaith council.[28]

Demographics

A 1999 report from the census bureau noted that of the citizens of New Zealand of Middle Eastern ethnicity, 4% were Baháʼí and 20% of the Baháʼís in New Zealand are members of some ethnic minority.[29] The 1991 and 2006 New Zealand census reports about 2800 Baháʼís[30] though the 1996 census listed just over 3100 Baháʼís.[31] The Association of Religion Data Archives (relying mostly on the World Christian Encyclopedia) estimated some 7400 Baháʼís in 2005.[32] There are more than 65 local Baháʼí communities around New Zealand, the large city communities have hundreds of members and assemblies, while some rural areas having groups of just two or three Baháʼís.[33] About 46 are full-fledged assemblies.[34] The religion was called a "mainstream religion" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.[35]

Well known individuals

The Bahá´í Association For the Arts and its publication Arts Dialogue has produced a lists of New Zealand Baháʼí artists, reviews of the shows and articles published dealing with New Zealand.[36] The national assembly posted profiles of some Baháʼís in 2011.[37]

  • Pax Assadi - New Zealand comedian and writer. Star of the TV comedy, drama seriers "Raised by Refugees".
  • Barry Crump was a writer of semi-autobiographical comic novels who travelled widely and became a Baháʼí about 1982.[38][39]
  • Sheryl Davis works for a charitable trust focused on promoting economic development and tourism in the northern part of the country.[40]
  • Russell Garcia – Garcia is from Oakland, California and is a composer who has worked with major Hollywood artists and producers.[41] Garcia and his wife Gina have been members of the Baháʼí Faith since 1955.[42] In 1966 they set sail and ended up in the south Pacific when some musicians from Auckland, New Zealand invited Russell to do some live concerts, radio and television shows and to lecture at the various universities around the country on behalf of the New Zealand Broadcasting Commission and Music Trades Association. Russell, finished with his lectures and concerts and on advice of friends, drove up to the Bay of Islands in the north of North Island where they live.[41]
  • Tilly Hirst - Netball player.
  • Ilona Rodgers - Film, stage and television actress.
  • Heather Simpson is a District Court judge, enrolled in the Baháʼí community in 1983.[43]
  • Murray Robert Smith was a member of the New Zealand Parliament from 1972 to 1975. He later enrolled in the Baháʼí community and served on the national governing body for two years before he and his wife, Miette, began a period of service at the Baháʼí World Centre in Haifa, Israel, which lasted from 1994 to 2007. At the Baháʼí World Centre, Murray served as Deputy Secretary General of the Baháʼí International Community, a role centred on developing the Baháʼí community's contributions to wider society.[44][45][46] Note government service is not proscribed,[47] just partisan politics.
  • Robin White (artist) - New Zealand painter and printmaker.
  • Ken Zemke – Zemke was a freelance film editor working in Hollywood in 1972 when he became a Baháʼí after working on comedy TV series such as Hogan's Heroes and eventually won an Emmy in 1974, for an episode in the series Medical Story TV Series. However he and his wife soon moved to New Zealand in 1981 where he continued work in movie production – winning New Zealand Guild of Film and Television award for best editing for Came a Hot Friday while continuing to be involved with documentaries and projects associated with the Baháʼí Faith through individual initiative or commissioned as well as his own ongoing project – Baháʼí on Air.[48][49]

See also

Further reading

References

  1. ^ Elsmore, Bronwyn (1998). "Stevenson, Margaret Beveridge". Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 4 November 2025.
  2. ^ Brooks, Hilda (1989). "Hilda Brooks and the Australian Baha'i Community". The Role of Women in an Advancing Civilization.
  3. ^ Moayyed, Monib (July 2004). "Fond memories of NZ welcome" (PDF). Immigration Matters. No. 2. New Zealand Immigration Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 May 2010.
  4. ^ a b Momen, Moojan. "History of the Baha'i Faith in Iran". draft "A Short Encyclopedia of the Baha'i Faith". Bahai-library.com. Retrieved 16 October 2009.
  5. ^ Kingdon, Geeta Gandhi (1997). "Education of women and socio-economic development". Baháʼí Studies Review. 7 (1).
  6. ^ Momen, Moojan; Smith, Peter (1989). "The Baha'i Faith 1957–1988: A Survey of Contemporary Developments". Religion. 19: 63–91. doi:10.1016/0048-721X(89)90077-8.
  7. ^ McLellan, Barbara (1996). The Chasm of Belief. New Zealand Association for Baha'i Studies conference, 1996. Antipodes Baha'i Studies. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
  8. ^ "Briefing from the New Zealand Baháʼí community". Report of the Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Committee, New Zealand House of Representatives (PDF). Baháʼís of New Zealand. 24 September 2009. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
  9. ^ a b "Involvement in society". New Zealand Community. National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 21 February 2009. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
  10. ^ a b c "Human Rights Commission/Te Korowai Whakapono". NZ Inter-Faith Network. February 2007. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
  11. ^ "Race Unity Speech Award – Finding Common Ground / He Rapunga Tahitanga – National semi finals and finals 2008". Events. NZ Interfaith Group. 17 February 2008. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
  12. ^ "NZ Bahai Community". Race Relations > Te Ngira: The NZ Diversity Action Programme > Participants 2009. New Zealand Human Rights Commission. Archived from the original on 16 November 2010. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
  13. ^ "Speech competition promotes race unity". Ten One, Community Edition. New Zealand Police. April 2008. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
  14. ^ "Settlement Support is a winner & Regional winner promoting racial harmony" (PDF). Public Notices and News. Whangarei District Council. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2010. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
  15. ^ "Race Unity Speech Award". Lower Hutt Baháʼí Local Spiritual Assembly. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
  16. ^ "Race Unity Speech Awards go from strength to strength". New Zealand Police. 18 June 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
  17. ^ Universal House of Justice (31 May 1988). "1988 Letter to the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of New Zealand". Letters from the Universal House of Justice, unpublished. Bahai-Library.com. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
  18. ^ Momen, Moojan (8 June 2007). "Marginality and Apostasy in the Baha'i Community". Religion. 37 (3): 187–209. doi:10.1016/j.religion.2007.06.008. ISSN 0048-721X. S2CID 55630282. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
  19. ^ National Spiritual Assembly of New Zealand (6 October 1989). "Special Report on Baha'i Burial vs. Maori Custom". Letters from National Spiritual Assemblies, unpublished. Bahai-Library.com. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
  20. ^ a b Khan, Peter (June 2008). "Dr. Khan's Address at Queen's Birthday Weekend Conference". Informal Talks by Notable Figures. Bahai-Library.com. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
  21. ^ "Spiritual Centre Opens at Middlemore Hospital" (PDF). Project Excel 20-20 Newsletter. Counties Manukau District Health Board. March 2006. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
  22. ^ "Resource Consent Application" (PDF). Dunedin Hearings Committee. 12 February 2007. Retrieved 19 September 2009.[permanent dead link]
  23. ^ Baháʼí International Community (1 February 2009). "The Auckland Regional Conference". Baháʼí International News Service. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
  24. ^ "Resources". National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 20 December 2009. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
  25. ^ Odess-Gillett, Warren. "A Baha'i Perspective 08.15.2009 Warren Odess-Gillett interviews Jess Firth". WXOJ-LP. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
  26. ^ "Christchurch Memorial Service". ESL News New Zealand. Christchurch, New Zealand. 18 March 2011. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
  27. ^ Luk Bouckaert; László Zsolnai (19 September 2012). "Spirituality and business: An interdisciplinary overview" (PDF). Society and Economy. 34 (3): 489–514. doi:10.1556/SocEc.34.2012.3.8. ISSN 1588-970X.
  28. ^ Ruth Keber (10 October 2014). "Interfaith council gets under way with prayers for world peace". Bay of Plenty Times. Tauranga, New Zealand. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
  29. ^ Thomson, Barbara (1999). Ethnic Diversity in New Zealand: a Statistical Profile (PDF). Ethnic Affairs Service Information Series. Vol. 03. Research Unit, Department of Internal Affairs. pp. 178, 183. ISBN 978-0-478-09244-8. ISSN 1173-7166. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
  30. ^ Nachowitz, Todd (August 2007). "New Zealand as a Multireligious Society: Recent Census Figures and Some Relevant Implications" (PDF). Aotearoa Ethnic Network Journal. 02 (2). ISSN 1177-3472. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 January 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2009.
  31. ^ "International Religious Freedom Report – New Zealand". State.gov. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. 26 October 2001. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
  32. ^ "Most Baha'i Nations (2005)". QuickLists > Compare Nations > Religions >. The Association of Religion Data Archives. 2005. Archived from the original on 23 January 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
  33. ^ "The local Baháʼí community". New Zealand Community. National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 21 February 2009. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
  34. ^ "About Us". The Baháʼí Community of the Kapiti Coast District of New Zealand. Local Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of Kapiti. Archived from the original on 16 October 2008. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  35. ^ Carrie Moore (2011). Spiritual Experiences and Environmentalism of Recreational Users in the Marine Environment: New Zealand Surfers and Scuba Divers (Thesis). Christchurch, New Zealand: Natural Resource Management and Ecological Engineering at Lincoln University. p. 22. hdl:10182/3881.
  36. ^ "Aotearoa / New Zealand". external LINKS. The Bahá´í Association For the Arts. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
  37. ^ "Profiles of some New Zealand Baháʼís". National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of New Zealand. 2011. Archived from the original on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
  38. ^ Reid, Tony (20 November 1982). "Crump Flags It Away". New Zealand Listener. Wellington, N. Z. pp. 21–22, 25, 26.
  39. ^ Robinson, Roger; Wattie, Nelson, eds. (1998). The Oxford companion to New Zealand literature. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-558348-9.
  40. ^ "Sheryl Davis". Profiles of Baháʼís. National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 13 May 2010. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
  41. ^ a b Charmed Life: Shaynee Rainbolt Sings Russell Garcia Liner Notes – This Bio Was approved by Russell Garcia and Gina Garcia in connection to their collaboration on Charmed Life: Shaynee Rainbolt SINGS Russell Garcia
  42. ^ "Russell Garcia". The Time Machine Project. Don Coleman. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
  43. ^ "Heather Simpson". Profiles of Baháʼís. National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 13 May 2010. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
  44. ^ Baháʼí Institutions AND Global Governance An address given at the fiftieth anniversary celebrations of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of New Zealand, on 28 April 2007. By Murray Smith
  45. ^ Dewes, Haydon; Palmer, Rebecca (31 July 2006). "Twenty New Zealanders in Haifa". The Dominion Post. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
  46. ^ Halle, Charlotte. "Lots of parties, a war, some bad press and an astounding garden terrace". Retrieved 19 September 2009.
  47. ^ see for example Greg Zemke-Smith who both works in government and is a Baháʼí – "Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of Wellington". Charity Summary. Charities Commission. 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
  48. ^ Zemke, Ken (November 2002). "Ken Zemke film, video editor, New Zealand". Arts Dialogue. 2002 (November).
  49. ^ "Ken Zemke". Profiles of Baháʼís. National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 13 May 2010. Retrieved 19 September 2009.

Further reading