3-Aminoisobutyric acid

"BAIBA" redirects here. For the name, see Baiba.
3-Aminoisobutyric acid
Skeletal formula of 3-aminoisobutyric acid
Ball-and-stick model of the 3-aminoisobutyric acid molecule
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
3-Amino-2-methylpropanoic acid
Other names
3-Aminoisobutyrate
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.005.132 Edit this at Wikidata
KEGG
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C4H9NO2/c1-3(2-5)4(6)7/h3H,2,5H2,1H3,(H,6,7) checkY
    Key: QCHPKSFMDHPSNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  • InChI=1/C4H9NO2/c1-3(2-5)4(6)7/h3H,2,5H2,1H3,(H,6,7)
    Key: QCHPKSFMDHPSNR-UHFFFAOYAN
  • CC(CN)C(=O)O
  • O=C(O)C(C)CN
Properties
C4H9NO2
Molar mass 103.12 g/mol
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
☒N verify (what is checkY☒N ?)

3-Aminoisobutyric acid (also known as β-aminoisobutyric acid or BAIBA) is a product formed by the catabolism of thymine and valine.[1]

During exercise, the increase of PGC-1α protein triggers the secretion of BAIBA from exercising muscles into the blood (concentration 2 to 3 μM in human serum). When BAIBA reaches white fat tissue, it activates the expression of thermogenic genes via PPARα receptors, resulting in browning of white fat cells.[2] One of the consequences of BAIBA activity is increased background metabolism of BAIBA target cells.

BAIBA is thought to play a number of roles in cell metabolism, regulation of fat burning, and regulation of insulin, blood triglycerides, and total cholesterol.[3][4][5]

BAIBA is found as a normal metabolite of skeletal muscle (myokine). Its plasma concentrations are increased by exercise.[6] The increased production is likely a result of enhanced mitochondrial activity,[7] as this increase is also observed in muscle of PGC-1a overexpression mice. BAIBA is a proposed protective factor against metabolic disorders since it can induce brown fat function.[2] But healthy diet with exercise is better.[8][9][6][10][11][12]

See also

References

  1. ^ Yi, Xuejie; Yang, Yang; Li, Tao; Li, Menghuan; Yao, Tingting; Hu, Guangxuan; Wan, Genmeng; Chang, Bo (2023). "Signaling metabolite β-aminoisobutyric acid as a metabolic regulator, biomarker, and potential exercise pill". Frontiers in Endocrinology. 14 1192458. doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1192458. ISSN 1664-2392. PMC 10258315. PMID 37313446.
  2. ^ a b Roberts LD, Boström P, O'Sullivan JF, Schinzel RT, Lewis GD, Dejam A, et al. (7 January 2014). "β-Aminoisobutyric acid induces browning of white fat and hepatic β-oxidation and is inversely correlated with cardiometabolic risk factors". Cell Metabolism. 19 (1): 96–108. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2013.12.003. PMC 4017355. PMID 24411942.
  3. ^ Begriche K, Massart J, Fromenty B (June 2010). "Effects of β-aminoisobutyric acid on leptin production and lipid homeostasis: mechanisms and possible relevance for the prevention of obesity". Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology. 24 (3): 269–82. doi:10.1111/j.1472-8206.2009.00765.x. PMID 19735301. S2CID 2520238.
  4. ^ Ibrahim A, Neinast M, Arany ZP (June 2017). "Myobolites: muscle-derived metabolites with paracrine and systemic effects". Current Opinion in Pharmacology. 34: 15–20. doi:10.1016/j.coph.2017.03.007. PMC 5651206. PMID 28441626.
  5. ^ Tanianskii DA, Jarzebska N, Birkenfeld AL, O'Sullivan JF, Rodionov RN (February 2019). "Beta-Aminoisobutyric Acid as a Novel Regulator of Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism". Nutrients. 11 (3): 524. doi:10.3390/nu11030524. PMC 6470580. PMID 30823446.
  6. ^ a b Hoffmann, Christoph; Weigert, Cora (2017-11-01). "Skeletal Muscle as an Endocrine Organ: The Role of Myokines in Exercise Adaptations". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 7 (11) a029793. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a029793. ISSN 2157-1422. PMC 5666622. PMID 28389517.
  7. ^ Yan, Lu; Liu, Chu-Han; Xu, Li; Qian, Yi-Yun; Song, Ping-Ping; Wei, Min; Liu, Bao-Lin (2022-12-27). "Alpha-Asarone modulates kynurenine disposal in muscle and mediates resilience to stress-induced depression via PGC-1α induction". CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics. 29 (3): 941–956. doi:10.1111/cns.14030. ISSN 1755-5949. PMC 9928554. PMID 36575869.
  8. ^ Mo, Qiaoling; Deng, Xinquan; Zhou, Ziyu; Yin, Lijun (2025-05-16). "High-Fat Diet and Metabolic Diseases: A Comparative Analysis of Sex-Dependent Responses and Mechanisms". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 26 (10): 4777. doi:10.3390/ijms26104777. ISSN 1422-0067. PMC 12112597. PMID 40429918. Females benefit from high-fiber diets that optimize gut microbiota and modulate estrogen levels to reduce breast cancer risk [198], whereas males require restricted refined carbohydrate intake to mitigate MetS predisposition [199]. While protein consumption enhances energy metabolism in both sexes, females exhibit superior muscle anabolic responses [200,201]. Lipid regulation strategies also diverge: clinical data show that omega-3 and monounsaturated fatty acids preferentially support female cardiovascular health [202], while males require focused monounsaturated fat intake for adiposity control [203]. The Mediterranean diet exerts stronger cardioprotective effects on males via anti-inflammatory mechanisms [204], whereas ketogenic diets may compromise female gut barrier integrity despite short-term weight loss [205]. Micronutrient antioxidants (e.g., vitamins C/E, selenium, zinc) alleviate HFD-induced metabolic stress by scavenging reactive oxygen species and stabilizing hormonal balance [206,207], with iron supplementation being particularly critical for female physiology [208].
  9. ^ Izquierdo, Mikel; de Souto Barreto, Philipe; Arai, Hidenori; Bischoff-Ferrari, Heike A.; Cadore, Eduardo L.; Cesari, Matteo; Chen, Liang-Kung; Coen, Paul M.; Courneya, Kerry S.; Duque, Gustavo; Ferrucci, Luigi; Fielding, Roger A.; García-Hermoso, Antonio; Gutiérrez-Robledo, Luis Miguel; Harridge, Stephen D. R. (January 2025). "Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR)". The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging. 29 (1) 100401. doi:10.1016/j.jnha.2024.100401. ISSN 1760-4788. PMC 11812118. PMID 39743381.
  10. ^ Murphy, Chaise; Koehler, Karsten (2021-10-08). "Energy deficiency impairs resistance training gains in lean mass but not strength: A meta-analysis and meta-regression". Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 32 (1): 125–137. doi:10.1111/sms.14075. ISSN 1600-0838. PMID 34623696. individuals performing RT to preserve LM during weight loss should avoid energy deficits >500 kcal/day.
  11. ^ Gheonea, Theodora Claudia; Oancea, Carmen-Nicoleta; Mititelu, Magdalena; Lupu, Elena Carmen; Ioniță-Mîndrican, Corina-Bianca; Rogoveanu, Ion (2023-11-20). "Nutrition and Mental Well-Being: Exploring Connections and Holistic Approaches". Journal of Clinical Medicine. 12 (22): 7180. doi:10.3390/jcm12227180. ISSN 2077-0383. PMC 10672474. PMID 38002792.
  12. ^ Moszak, Małgorzata; Marcickiewicz, Justyna; Pelczyńska, Marta; Bogdański, Paweł (2025-05-13). "The Interplay Between Psychological and Neurobiological Predictors of Weight Regain: A Narrative Review". Nutrients. 17 (10): 1662. doi:10.3390/nu17101662. ISSN 2072-6643. PMC 12114007. PMID 40431402.
allikas: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-Aminoisobutyric_acid