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TÄNA AJALOOS, 19. juuli ⟩ Kindral Laidoner küüditati Venemaale

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Kea (Nestor notabilis) in New Zealand are known for their intelligence and curiosity, both vital traits for survival in the harsh mountain environment that is their home. Kea can solve logical puzzles, such as pushing and pulling things in a certain order to get to food, and will work together to achieve a certain objective.

The difficulty of defining or measuring intelligence in non-human animals makes the question of avian intelligence resistant to scientific study. In general, birds have relatively large brains compared to their head size. Furthermore, bird brains have two to four times the neuron packing density of mammal brains, for higher overall efficiency. The visual and auditory senses are well developed in most species, though the tactile and olfactory senses are well realized only in a few groups. Birds communicate using visual signals as well as through the use of calls and song. The testing of intelligence in birds is therefore usually based on studying responses to sensory stimuli.

The corvids (including ravens and crows) and parrots are often considered the most intelligent birds, and are among the most intelligent animals in general. Pigeons, finches, chickens, waterfowl such as ducks, penguins and birds of prey such as owls have also been common subjects of intelligence studies.

Studies

Cormorants used by fishermen in Southeast Asia may be able to count

Bird intelligence has been studied through several attributes and abilities. Many of these studies have been on birds such as quail, domestic fowl, and pigeons kept under captive conditions. It has, however, been noted that field studies have been limited, unlike those of the apes. Birds in the crow family (corvids) as well as parrots (psittacines) have been shown to live socially, have long developmental periods, and possess large forebrains, all of which have been hypothesized to allow for greater cognitive abilities.[1]

Counting has traditionally been considered an ability that shows intelligence. Anecdotal evidence from the 1960s has suggested that crows can count up to 3.[2] Researchers need to be cautious, however, and ensure that birds are not merely demonstrating the ability to subitize, or count a small number of items quickly.[3][4] Some studies have suggested that crows may indeed have a true numerical ability.[5] It has been shown that parrots can count up to 6.[6][7]

Cormorants used by Chinese fishermen were given every eighth fish as a reward, and found to be able to keep count up to 7. E.H. Hoh wrote in Natural History magazine:

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Emery, Nathan J. (2006). "Cognitive ornithology: the evolution of avian intelligence". Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 361 (1465): 23–43. doi:10.1098/rstb.2005.1736. PMC 1626540. PMID 16553307.
  2. ↑ Rand, Ayn 1967. Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology. New York: The Objectivist.
  3. ↑ Hurford, James (2007). The Origins of Meaning: Language in the Light of Evolution. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-920785-5.
  4. ↑ Miller, D. J. (1993). Do animals subitize? In S. T. Boysen & E. J. Capaldi (Eds.), The development of numerical competence: Animal and human models (pp. 149–169). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  5. ↑ Smirnova, AA; Lazareva, OF; Zorina, ZA (2000). "Use of number by crows: investigation by matching and oddity learning" (PDF). Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. 73 (2): 163–176. doi:10.1901/jeab.2000.73-163. PMC 1284769. PMID 10784007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 24 July 2008.
  6. ↑ Pepperberg, IM (2006). "Grey parrot numerical competence: a review". Animal Cognition. 9 (4): 377–391. doi:10.1007/s10071-006-0034-7. PMID 16909236. S2CID 30689821.
  7. ↑ Cook, Robert (2001). Avian Visual Cognition. Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Comparative Cognition Press. pp. Birds' Judgments of Number and Quality.
  8. ↑ Hoh, Erling Hoh (1988) Flying fishes of Wucheng – fisherman in China use cormorants to catch fish. Natural History. October, 1988
  9. ↑ Mattison, Sara (2012). "Training Birds and Small Mammals for Medical Behaviors". Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice. 15 (3): 487–499. doi:10.1016/j.cvex.2012.06.012. PMID 22998964.
  10. ↑ Carter, D. E.; Eckerman, D. A. (1975). "Symbolic matching by pigeons: rate of learning complex discriminations predicted from simple discriminations". Science. 187 (4177): 662–664. Bibcode:1975Sci...187..662C. doi:10.1126/science.1114318. PMID 1114318.
  11. ↑ Dickinson, Anthony (5 October 2012). "Associative learning and animal cognition". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 367 (1603): 2733–2742. doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0220. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 3427555. PMID 22927572.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Bebus, Sara E.; Small, Thomas W.; Jones, Blake C.; Elderbrock, Emily K.; Schoech, Stephan J. (2016). "Associative learning is inversely related to reversal learning and varies with nestling corticosterone exposure". Animal Behaviour. 111: 251–260. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.10.027.
  13. 1 2 3 Guido, Jorgelina María; Biondi, Laura Marina; Vasallo, Aldo Ivan; Muzio, Rubén Nestor (2017). "Neophobia is negatively related to reversal learning ability in females of a generalist bird of prey, the Chimango Caracara, Milvago chimango". Animal Cognition. 20 (4): 591–602. doi:10.1007/s10071-017-1083-9. hdl:11336/24482. ISSN 1435-9448. PMID 28343269. S2CID 3896474.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Bonaparte, Kristina M.; Riffle-Yokoi, Christina; Burley, Nancy Tyler (19 September 2011). Iwaniuk, Andrew (ed.). "Getting a Head Start: Diet, Sub-Adult Growth, and Associative Learning in a Seed-Eating Passerine". PLOS ONE. 6 (9) e23775. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...623775B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023775. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3176201. PMID 21949684.
  15. ↑ Spencer, K.A; Buchanan, K.L; Goldsmith, A.R; Catchpole, C.K (2003). "Song as an honest signal of developmental stress in the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata)". Hormones and Behavior. 44 (2): 132–139. doi:10.1016/s0018-506x(03)00124-7. ISSN 0018-506X. PMID 13129485. S2CID 21199007.
  16. 1 2 Kriengwatana, Buddhamas; Farrell, Tara M.; Aitken, Sean D.T.; Garcia, Laura; MacDougall-Shackleton, Scott A. (2015). "Early-life nutritional stress affects associative learning and spatial memory but not performance on a novel object test". Behaviour. 152 (2): 195–218. doi:10.1163/1568539X-00003239. ISSN 0005-7959.
  17. 1 2 3 4 Clayton, Nicky S.; Krebs, John R. (1994). "One-trial associative memory: comparison of food-storing and nonstoring species of birds". Animal Learning & Behavior. 22 (4): 366–372. doi:10.3758/bf03209155. ISSN 0090-4996.
  18. 1 2 Mirville, Melanie O.; Kelley, Jennifer L.; Ridley, Amanda R. (2016). "Group size and associative learning in the Australian magpie (Cracticus tibicen dorsalis)". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 70 (3): 417–427. Bibcode:2016BEcoS..70..417M. doi:10.1007/s00265-016-2062-x. ISSN 0340-5443. S2CID 1931686.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 Madden, Joah R.; Langley, Ellis J. G.; Whiteside, Mark A.; Beardsworth, Christine E.; van Horik, Jayden O. (26 September 2018). "The quick are the dead: pheasants that are slow to reverse a learned association survive for longer in the wild". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 373 (1756) 20170297. doi:10.1098/rstb.2017.0297. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 6107567. PMID 30104439.
  20. 1 2 Veit, Lena; Pidpruzhnykova, Galyna; Nieder, Andreas (8 December 2015). "Associative learning rapidly establishes neuronal representations of upcoming behavioral choices in crows". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (49): 15208–15213. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11215208V. doi:10.1073/pnas.1509760112. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4679020. PMID 26598669.
  21. ↑ Nelson Slater, Melissa; Hauber, Mark E. (2017). "Olfactory enrichment and scent cue associative learning in captive birds of prey". Zoo Biology. 36 (2): 120–126. doi:10.1002/zoo.21353. PMID 28198048.
  22. ↑ Scott, John P. 1972. Animal Behavior. Univ. of Chicago Press. Chicago, Ill. p. 193.
  23. ↑ Kamil, A.; Balda, R. (1985). "Cache recovery and spatial memory in Clark's nutcrackers (Nucifraga columbiana)". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes. 11: 95–111. doi:10.1037/0097-7403.11.1.95.
  24. ↑ Bennett, A. T. D. (1993). "Spatial memory in a food storing corvid. I. Near tall landmarks are primarily used". J. Comp. Physiol. A. 173 (2): 193–207. doi:10.1007/BF00192978. S2CID 36048127.
  25. ↑ Healy, S. D.; Hurly, T. A. (1995). "Spatial memory in rufous hummingbirds (Selasphorus rufus): a field test". Animal Learning & Behavior. 23: 63–68. doi:10.3758/bf03198016.
  26. ↑ Raby, C. R.; Alexis, D. M.; Dickinson, A.; Clayton, N. S. (2007). "Planning for the future by western scrub-jays". Nature. 445 (7130): 919–921. Bibcode:2007Natur.445..919R. doi:10.1038/nature05575. PMID 17314979. S2CID 4405897.
  27. ↑ Patel, Aniruddh D.; Iversen, John R.; Bregman, Micah R.; Schulz, Irena & Schulz, Charles (2008–2008), "Investigating the human-specificity of synchronization to music", Proceedings of the 10th Intl. Conf. on Music Perception and Cognition (Adelaide: Causal Productions)
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  29. ↑ Prior, H.; Schwarz, A.; Güntürkün, O. (2008). "Mirror-induced behavior in the Magpie (Pica pica): evidence of self-recognition". PLOS Biology. 6 (8) e202. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060202. PMC 2517622. PMID 18715117.
  30. ↑ Butler, Ann B.; Manger, Paul R.; Lindahl, B.I.B.; Århem, Peter (2005). "Evolution of the neural basis of consciousness: a bird–mammal comparison". BioEssays. 27 (9): 923–936. doi:10.1002/bies.20280. PMID 16108067.
  31. 1 2 3 Butler, Ann B.; Cotterill, Rodney M.J. (2006). "Mamillian and avian neuroanatomy and the question of consciousness in birds". The Biological Bulletin. 2 (2): 106–127. doi:10.2307/4134586. JSTOR 4134586. PMID 17062871. S2CID 32723472.
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  33. ↑ Crow making tools, news.nationalgeographic.com
  34. 1 2 Ackerman, J (2016). The Genius of Birds. New York, NY: Penguin Books. pp. 65, 72. ISBN 978-1-59420-521-7.
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  37. ↑ Robert Burton; Jane Burton; Kim Taylor (1985). Bird behavior. Knopf. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-394-53957-7.
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  39. ↑ Pacific Discovery. Vol. 46 or 47. California Academy of Sciences. 1993. p. 10.
  40. ↑ Davis-Merlen, Gayle; Merlen, Godfrey (2000). "WHISH: More than a tool-using finch" (PDF). Notícias de Galápagos. 61: 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
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  42. ↑ "Gizzard uses a rope to retrieve a submerged gift, 10 second retrieval from noticing the rope". YouTube. 20 June 2011. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
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  47. ↑ Reiner, A. et al., (2005) Organization and Evolution of the Avian Forebrain, The Anatomical Record Part A 287A:1080–1102
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  49. ↑ Animal Slander! Debunking 'Birdbrained' And 'Eat Like A Bird'
  50. ↑ Timmer, John (17 June 2016). "Bird brains are dense—with neurons". Ars Technica. Retrieved 25 February 2024.
  51. ↑ Olkowicz, Seweryn; Kocourek, Martin; Lučan, Radek K.; Porteš, Michal; Fitch, W. Tecumseh; Herculano-Houzel, Suzana; Němec, Pavel (28 June 2016). "Birds have primate-like numbers of neurons in the forebrain". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (26): 7255–7260. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.7255O. doi:10.1073/pnas.1517131113. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4932926. PMID 27298365.
  52. ↑ Stacho, Martin; Herold, Christina; Rook, Noemi; Wagner, Hermann; Axer, Markus; Amunts, Katrin; Güntürkün, Onur (25 September 2020). "A cortex-like canonical circuit in the avian forebrain". Science. 369 (6511). doi:10.1126/science.abc5534. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 32973004.
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  57. ↑ Sarah, Kuta. "Scientists Taught Pet Parrots to Video Call Each Other—and the Birds Loved It". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  58. ↑ Velasco, Schuyler (21 April 2023). "Parrots learn to make video calls to chat with other parrots, then develop friendships, Northeastern University researchers say". Northeastern Global News. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
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  62. ↑ Tui one of world's most intelligent birds, 3 News (2012) http://www.3news.co.nz/Tui-one-of-worlds-most-intelligent-birds/tabid/1160/articleID/254369/Default.aspx Archived 1 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine
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  74. ↑ Ostojic, L.; Shaw, R. C.; Cheke, L. G.; Clayton, N. S. (4 February 2013). "Evidence suggesting that desire-state attribution may govern food sharing in Eurasian jays". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (10): 4123–4128. doi:10.1073/pnas.1209926110. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3593841. PMID 23382187.
  75. ↑ Peterson, Christine (15 April 2020). "Birds that Carry Lit Candles & The Importance of Avian Innovation". Cool Green Science. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
  76. ↑ Ducatez, Simon; Sol, Daniel; Sayol, Ferran; Lefebvre, Louis (2020). "Behavioural plasticity is associated with reduced extinction risk in birds". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 4 (6): 788–793. Bibcode:2020NatEE...4..788D. doi:10.1038/s41559-020-1168-8. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 32251379. S2CID 214810940.
allikas: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_intelligence

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