Lake metabolism: Difference between revisions
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=== Free-water dissolved oxygen === |
=== Free-water dissolved oxygen === |
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The free-water dissolved oxygen technique for estimating lake metabolism was first introduced in the |
The free-water dissolved oxygen technique for estimating lake metabolism was first introduced in the 1950s<ref>{{Cite journal|last=ODUM|first=HOWARD T.|date=April 1956|title=Primary Production in Flowing Waters1|journal=Limnology and Oceanography|language=en|volume=1|issue=2|pages=102–117|doi=10.4319/lo.1956.1.2.0102|issn=0024-3590}}</ref>, but was not widely used until the advancement of automated sensor technology<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cole|first=Jonathan J.|last2=Pace|first2=Michael L.|last3=Carpenter|first3=Stephen R.|last4=Kitchell|first4=James F.|date=December 2000|title=Persistence of net heterotrophy in lakes during nutrient addition and food web manipulations|journal=Limnology and Oceanography|language=en|volume=45|issue=8|pages=1718–1730|doi=10.4319/lo.2000.45.8.1718|issn=0024-3590}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2012-02-01|title=Staying afloat in the sensor data deluge|journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution|language=en|volume=27|issue=2|pages=121–129|doi=10.1016/j.tree.2011.11.009|pmid=22206661|issn=0169-5347|last1=Porter|first1=John H.|last2=Hanson|first2=Paul C.|last3=Lin|first3=Chau-Chin}}</ref>. Automated sensor technology enables measurement of dissolved oxygen during periods that are hard to measure manually such as during [[Storm|storms]]. |
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=== Free-water carbon dioxide === |
=== Free-water carbon dioxide === |
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Revision as of 15:54, 14 December 2019
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Lake metabolism represents a lake ecosystem's balance between carbon fixation (gross primary production) and biological carbon oxidation (ecosystem respiration)[1]. Lake metabolism includes the carbon fixation and oxidation from all organism within the lake, from bacteria to fishes.
Concept
Estimates of lake metabolism typically rely on the measurement of dissolved oxygen or carbon dioxide. Oxygen is produced and carbon dioxide consumed through photosynthesis and oxygen is consumed and carbon dioxide produced through respiration.
Photosynthesis:
![{\displaystyle 6CO_{2}+6H_{2}O{\xrightarrow[{}]{light}}C_{6}H_{12}O_{6}+6O_{2}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c23155445a04b2b9c1afe475229a6274d87e38b7)
Respiration:
![{\displaystyle C_{6}H_{12}O_{6}+6O_{2}{\xrightarrow[{}]{}}6CO_{2}+6H_{2}O}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/619bc6294a1bbc343eac76ab799d767420c04e83)
Photosynthesis and oxygen production only occurs in the presence of light, while the consumption of oxygen via respiration occurs in both the presence and absence of light. Lake metabolism terms include:
- GPP - gross primary production (e.g. total photosynthesis)
- R - total respiration
- - heterotrophic respiration
- - autotrophic respiration
- NEP - net ecosystem production = GPP - R
- NPP - net primary production = GPP -
Measurement techniques
Free-water dissolved oxygen
The free-water dissolved oxygen technique for estimating lake metabolism was first introduced in the 1950s[2], but was not widely used until the advancement of automated sensor technology[3][4]. Automated sensor technology enables measurement of dissolved oxygen during periods that are hard to measure manually such as during storms.
Free-water carbon dioxide
Similar to the free-water dissolved oxygen technique, this method measures diel dissolved gas that is produced and consumed from photosynthesis and respiration.[5] This technique is less common than the free-water dissolved oxygen technique since CO2 sensors are less common and more expensive than O2 sensors.
14C tracer
14C can be used along with light and dark bottles to estimate depth-specific pelagic metabolism, or whole-lake metabolism when used in conjunction with sediment chambers. There are "container effects" that are a common criticism to using this method[6].
18O tracer
This method uses spiked H218O and light bottles to measure the amount of O2 produced from photosynthesis.
Whole-lake carbon budget
Measuring all the inputs and outputs of carbon to and from a lake can be used to estimate net ecosystem production (NEP)[7][8]. Since NEP is the difference between gross primary production and respiration (NEP = GPP - R), it can be viewed as the net biological conversion of inorganic carbon to organic carbon (and vice versa), and can thus be determined through whole-lake mass balance of either inorganic or organic carbon[7]. NEP assessed through inorganic (IC) or organic carbon (OC) can be estimated as:
where E is export of OC through fluvial transport and IC through fluvial transport and carbon gas (e.g. CO2, CH4) exchange between the lake surface to the atmosphere; S is storage in the lake sediments and water column for OC and water column for IC; and I is the input of OC and IC from fluvial, surrounding wetland, and airborne pathways (e.g. atmospheric deposition, litterfall). A lake that receives more OC from the watershed than it exports downstream or accumulates in the water column and sediments (Ioc > Eoc + Soc) indicates that there was net conversion of OC to IC within the lake and is thus net heterotrophic (negative NEP). Likewise, a lake that accumulates and exports more IC than was received from the watershed (Sic + Eic > Iic) also indicates net conversion of OC to IC within the lake and is thus net heterotrophic.
Lake metabolism models
The free-water measurement techniques require mathematical models to estimate lake metabolism metrics from high-frequency dissolved gas measurements. These models range in complexity from simple algebraic models to depth-integrated modeling using more advanced statistical techniques.
Statistical techniques
Several statistical techniques have been used to estimate GPP, R, and NEP or parameters relating to these metabolism terms.Below is an incomplete list of statistical techniques used in lake metabolism models[1].
Bookkeeping
Ordinary least squares
Maximum likelihood
Kalman filter
Bayesian
See also
References
- ^ a b Winslow, Luke A.; Zwart, Jacob A.; Batt, Ryan D.; Dugan, Hilary A.; Woolway, R. Iestyn; Corman, Jessica R.; Hanson, Paul C.; Read, Jordan S. (January 2016). "LakeMetabolizer: an R package for estimating lake metabolism from free-water oxygen using diverse statistical models". Inland Waters. 6 (4): 622–636. doi:10.1080/iw-6.4.883. ISSN 2044-2041.
- ^ ODUM, HOWARD T. (April 1956). "Primary Production in Flowing Waters1". Limnology and Oceanography. 1 (2): 102–117. doi:10.4319/lo.1956.1.2.0102. ISSN 0024-3590.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Cole, Jonathan J.; Pace, Michael L.; Carpenter, Stephen R.; Kitchell, James F. (December 2000). "Persistence of net heterotrophy in lakes during nutrient addition and food web manipulations". Limnology and Oceanography. 45 (8): 1718–1730. doi:10.4319/lo.2000.45.8.1718. ISSN 0024-3590.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Porter, John H.; Hanson, Paul C.; Lin, Chau-Chin (2012-02-01). "Staying afloat in the sensor data deluge". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 27 (2): 121–129. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2011.11.009. ISSN 0169-5347. PMID 22206661.
- ^ Hofmann, Hilmar; Encinas-Fernández, Jorge; Tengberg, Anders; Atamanchuk, Dariia; Peeters, Frank (2016-12-21). "Lake Metabolism: Comparison of Lake Metabolic Rates Estimated from a Diel CO2- and the Common Diel O2-Technique". PLOS ONE. 11 (12): e0168393. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0168393. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5176309. PMID 28002477.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Bender, Michael; Grande, Karen; Johnson, Kenneth; Marra, John; Williams, Peter J. LeB.; Sieburth, John; Pilson, Michael; Langdon, Chris; Hitchcock, Gary (September 1987). "A comparison of four methods for determining planktonic community production1". Limnology and Oceanography. 32 (5): 1085–1098. doi:10.4319/lo.1987.32.5.1085. ISSN 0024-3590.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b Stets, Edward G.; Striegl, Robert G.; Aiken, George R.; Rosenberry, Donald O.; Winter, Thomas C. (2009). "Hydrologic support of carbon dioxide flux revealed by whole-lake carbon budgets". Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences. 114 (G1). doi:10.1029/2008JG000783. ISSN 2156-2202.
- ^ Lovett, Gary M.; Cole, Jonathan J.; Pace, Michael L. (2006-02-01). "Is Net Ecosystem Production Equal to Ecosystem Carbon Accumulation?". Ecosystems. 9 (1): 152–155. doi:10.1007/s10021-005-0036-3. ISSN 1435-0629.