Oreomecon nudicaulis

Oreomecon nudicaulis
Apparently Secure
Apparently Secure  (NatureServe)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Ranunculales
Family: Papaveraceae
Genus: Oreomecon
Species:
O. nudicaulis
Binomial name
Oreomecon nudicaulis
(L.) Banfi, Bartolucci, J.-M.Tison & Galasso
Subspecies[2]
  • O. n. subsp. americana
  • O. n. subsp. microcarpa
  • O. n. subsp. nudicaulis
Synonyms[2]
  • Papaver alpinum subsp. nudicaule (L.) Nyman
  • Papaver alpinum var. nudicaule (L.) Fisch. & C.A.Mey.
  • Papaver nudicaule L.
  • Papaver nudicaule subsp. nudicaule

Oreomecon nudicaulis, synonym Papaver nudicaule, the Iceland poppy,[3] is a boreal flowering plant. It is native to subpolar regions of Asia and the Yukon in North America (but not Iceland), and has been introduced elsewhere (south Argentina, Colorado, Greenland, and Tibet).[2][4] Iceland poppies are hardy but short-lived perennials, often grown as biennials. They yield large, papery, bowl-shaped, lightly fragrant flowers supported by hairy, 1 foot (30 cm) curved stems among feathery blue-green foliage 1–6 inches long. They were first described by botanists in 1759. The wild species blooms in white or yellow, and is hardy from USDA Zones 3a-10b.

Taxonomy

The first scientific name of Oreomecon nudicaulis was Papaver nudicaule, given to the species in 1753 by Linnaeus.[2] In 2021 the new genus Oreomecon was described by Enrico Augusto Banfi, Fabrizio Bartolucci, Jean-Marc Tison, and Gabriele Galasso including Oreomecon nudicaulis.[5] According to Plants of the World Online (POWO) this is the accepted name of the species,[2] though Papaver nudicaule continues to be used in some sources.[1] In POWO it has three accepted subspecies:[2]

  • Oreomecon nudicaulis subsp. americana (Rändel ex D.F.Murray) Elvebakk & Bjerke – In Alaska and the Yukon[6]
  • Oreomecon nudicaulis subsp. microcarpa (DC.) Grey-Wilson – Kamchatka and Magadan[7]
  • Oreomecon nudicaulis subsp. nudicaulis – Siberia and the Russian Far East[8]

Oreomecon nudicaulis has 44 synonyms of the species or one of its three subspecies.[2][6][7][8]

Table of Synonyms
Name Year Rank Synonym of: Notes
Oreomecon insularis (V.V.Petrovsky) Chepinoga 2024 species subsp. nudicaulis = het.
Oreomecon microcarpa (DC.) Krivenko 2023 species subsp. microcarpa ≡ hom.
Oreomecon nudicaulis subsp. insularis (V.V.Petrovsky) Elvebakk & Bjerke 2024 subspecies subsp. nudicaulis = het.
Oreomecon ochotensis (Tolm.) Elvebakk & Bjerke 2024 species subsp. microcarpa = het.
Papaver alpinum var. album Regel 1862 variety subsp. nudicaulis = het., nom. illeg.
Papaver alpinum lusus bipinnatisectum Regel 1862 sport subsp. nudicaulis = het.
Papaver alpinum lusus glabrescens Regel 1862 sport subsp. nudicaulis = het.
Papaver alpinum lusus glabrescens Regel 1862 sport subsp. nudicaulis = het.
Papaver alpinum lusus hirsutum Regel 1862 sport subsp. nudicaulis = het.
Papaver alpinum lusus hirsutum Regel 1862 sport subsp. nudicaulis = het.
Papaver alpinum lusus kamtschaticum Regel 1862 sport subsp. microcarpa = het.
Papaver alpinum var. microcarpum (DC.) Ledeb. 1842 variety subsp. microcarpa ≡ hom.
Papaver alpinum subsp. nudicaule (L.) Nyman 1889 subspecies O. nudicaulis ≡ hom.
Papaver alpinum var. nudicaule (L.) Fisch. & C.A.Mey. 1837 variety O. nudicaulis ≡ hom.
Papaver alpinum var. xanthopetaum Trautv. 1860 variety subsp. nudicaulis = het.
Papaver insulare (V.V.Petrovsky) Barkalov & Chepinoga 2023 species subsp. nudicaulis = het.
Papaver microcarpum DC. 1821 species subsp. microcarpa ≡ hom.
Papaver microcarpum var. bipinnatifidum (Tolm.) Tolm. 1975 variety subsp. microcarpa = het.
Papaver microcarpum subsp. ochotense (Tolm.) Tolm. 1975 subspecies subsp. microcarpa = het.
Papaver microcarpum var. xanthopetalum Rändel 1977 variety subsp. microcarpa = het., without indication of the type.
Papaver miniatum Rchb. 1830 species subsp. nudicaulis = het.
Papaver nudicaule L. 1753 species O. nudicaulis ≡ hom.
Papaver nudicaule subsp. album Fedde 1909 subspecies subsp. nudicaulis = het.
Papaver nudicaule subsp. americanum Rändel ex D.F.Murray 1995 subspecies subsp. americana ≡ hom.
Papaver nudicaule subsp. baicalense Tolm. 1931 subspecies subsp. nudicaulis = het.
Papaver nudicaule subsp. commune Turcz. 1832 subspecies subsp. nudicaulis = het.
Papaver nudicaule var. commune (Turcz.) Tolm. 1930 variety subsp. nudicaulis = het.
Papaver nudicaule f. gracile Abrom. 1899 form subsp. nudicaulis = het.
Papaver nudicaule subsp. insulare V.V.Petrovsky 1983 subspecies subsp. nudicaulis = het.
Papaver nudicaule var. kamtschaticum (Regel) Fedde 1909 variety subsp. microcarpa = het.
Papaver nudicaule subsp. microcarpum (DC.) Fedde 1909 subspecies subsp. microcarpa ≡ hom.
Papaver nudicaule var. microcarpum (DC.) J.H.Xue, Chepinoga & K.P.Ma 2024 variety subsp. microcarpa ≡ hom.
Papaver nudicaule f. patulum Serg. 1931 form subsp. nudicaulis = het.
Papaver nudicaule var. pilosum Elkan 1839 variety subsp. nudicaulis = het.
Papaver nudicaule f. pygmaea Lange 1887 form subsp. nudicaulis = het.
Papaver nudicaule var. riparia V.V.Petrovsky 2003 variety subsp. nudicaulis = het.
Papaver nudicaule f. rubriflora Lange 1891 form subsp. nudicaulis = het.
Papaver nudicaule f. typicum Serg. 1931 form O. nudicaulis ≡ hom.
Papaver ochotense Tolm. 1931 species subsp. microcarpa = het.
Papaver ochotense var. bipinnatifidum Tolm. 1854 variety subsp. microcarpa = het.
Papaver pseudocorydalifolium Fedde 1909 species subsp. nudicaulis = het.
Papaver pulvinatum subsp. lenaense Tolm. 2016 subspecies subsp. nudicaulis = het.
Papaver pyrenaicum var. puniceum DC. 1821 variety subsp. nudicaulis = het.
Papaver radicatum subsp. kamtschaticum (Regel) Fedde 1936 subspecies subsp. microcarpa = het.
Notes: ≡ homotypic synonym ; = heterotypic synonym

Names

The Latin specific epithet nudicaulis means "with bare stems".[9] The common name Icelandic poppy is a source of confusion as the species is not native to Iceland or Europe.[10]

Cultivars

Cultivars come in shades of yellow, orange, salmon, rose, pink, cream and white as well as bi-colored varieties. Seed strains include: 'Champagne Bubbles' (15-inch plants in orange, pink, scarlet, apricot, yellow, and creamy-white); 'Wonderland' (10-inch dwarf strain with flowers up to 4 inches wide); 'Flamenco' (pink shades, bordered white, 11⁄2 to 2 feet tall); 'Party Fun' (to 1 foot, said to bloom reliably the first year in autumn and the second spring); 'Illumination' and 'Meadow Pastels' (to 2 feet, perhaps the tallest strains); 'Matador' (scarlet flowers to 5 inches across on 16 inch plants); the perennial 'Victory Giants' with red petals and 'Oregon Rainbows', which has large selfed, bicolor, and picoteed[check spelling] flowers and is perhaps the best strain for the cool Pacific Northwest[11] (elsewhere this strain's buds frequently fail to open).

The dwarf Gartenzwerg group,[12] and the cultivars 'Solar Fire Orange'[13] and 'Summer Breeze Orange'[14] have all won the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[15]

Color variations
White
Orange
Red
Pink
Yellow
White is the dominant color, the others being recessive.

Cultivation

Bud capsule remains on a flower

The plants prefer light, well-drained soil and full sun. The plants are not hardy in hot weather, perishing within a season in hot summer climates.

Iceland poppies, like all poppies, possess exceedingly minute seeds and long taproots that resent disturbance.[citation needed] In cool summer climates on well-drained soils, Iceland poppies can live 2–3 seasons, flowering from early spring to fall.[16]

Iceland poppies are amongst the best poppies for cutting, as they last for several days in the vase.[17]

Genetics

The genetics of the garden forms of O.  nudicaulis have been studied, particularly with respect to flower colour.[18] The white flower colour is dominant with respect to yellow. Other colours, such as buff and orange, are recessive.

Toxicity

All parts of this plant are likely to be poisonous,[19] containing (like all poppies) toxic alkaloids. In particular, O.  nudicaulis has been shown to contain the benzophenanthidine alkaloid, chelidonine.[20] It also contains (+)-amurine, (-)-amurensinine, (-)-O-methylthalisopavine, (-)-flavinantine and (-)-amurensine.[21]

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b NatureServe 2025.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g POWO 2025b.
  3. ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  4. ^ "Oreomecon nudicaulis". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2014-04-27.
  5. ^ POWO 2025a.
  6. ^ a b POWO 2025c.
  7. ^ a b POWO 2025d.
  8. ^ a b POWO 2025e.
  9. ^ Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for Gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. ISBN 978-1845337315.
  10. ^ Grey-Wilson 1993, p. 151.
  11. ^ Brenzel, Kathleen Norris (2001). Sunset Western Garden Book. Menlo Park, CA: Sunset Books/Sunset Publishing Corporation. ISBN 0-376-03874-8.
  12. ^ "Oreomecon nudicaulis Gartenzwerg Group". RHS Plantfinder. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  13. ^ "Papaver nudicaule 'Solar Fire Orange'". RHS Plantfinder. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  14. ^ "Papaver nudicaule 'Summer Breeze Orange'". RHS Plantfinder. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  15. ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 71. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  16. ^ Armitage, Allan M. (2001). Armitage's Manual of Annuals, Biennials, and Half-hardy Perennials. Portland, Or. [Great Britain]: Timber Press (OR). ISBN 0-88192-505-5.
  17. ^ "Poppy Primer". Floret Flowers. 2019-12-10. Retrieved 2020-09-04.
  18. ^ Fabergé, A. C. (1942). "Genetics of the scapiflora section of Papaver: I. The garden iceland poppy". Journal of Genetics. 44 (2–3): 169–193. doi:10.1007/BF02982827. ISSN 0022-1333.
  19. ^ Kingsbury, J. M. (1964). Poisonous plants of the United States and Canada. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., USA: Prentice-Hall Inc.
  20. ^ Zhang, Y.; Pan, H.; Chen, S.; Meng, Y.; Kang, S. (1997). "[Minor alkaloids from the capsule of Papaver nudicaule L]". Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi = Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi = China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica (in Chinese). 22 (9): 550–551, 576. ISSN 1001-5302. PMID 11038947.
  21. ^ Philipov, S; Istatkova, R; Yadamsurenghiin, GO; Samdan, J; Dangaa, S (2007). "A new 8,14-dihydropromorphinane alkaloid from Papaver nudicaule L". Natural Product Research. 21 (9): 852–6. doi:10.1080/14786410701494777. PMID 17763104. S2CID 8609245.

Sources

Books
Web sources
allikas: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oreomecon_nudicaulis