Moulouya River

Moulouya River
View of the mouth of the Moulouya
Course of the Moulouya River [1]
Native nameArabic: وادي ملوية
Location
CountryMorocco
Physical characteristics
Source 
 • locationJbel Ayachi
 • elevation3,700 m (12,100 ft)
Mouth 
 • location
Mediterranean Sea near Saïdia
 • coordinates
35°07′22″N 2°20′12″W / 35.1228°N 2.3367°W / 35.1228; -2.3367
 • elevation
0 m (0 ft)
Length520 km (323 mi)
Discharge 
 • averagevaries
Basin features
ProgressionMiddle Atlas - Hassan II Dam - Mohamed V Dam - Mediterranean Sea
Official nameEmbouchure de la Moulouya
Designated15 January 2005
Reference no.1478[1]

The Moulouya River (Arabic: وادي ملوية) is a 520 km-long (320 mi) river in Morocco. Its sources are located in the Ayashi mountain in the Middle Atlas.[2] It empties into the Mediterranean Sea near Saïdia, in northeast Morocco.

Water level in the river often fluctuates. The river is used for irrigation and is dammed by the Hassan II and Mohamed V Dams.

History

The river was historically known as Malva (Anglicized: Malve), Malua, Malvam, Mulva, Mulucha, or Molochath flumen, the names possibly related to the Semitic root melach or malach, meaning "salt". Maurice Besnier suggested that the lower parts of the river were used for salt production, but no material confirmation has been found.[3][4]

From the end of the fourth to the beginning of the third centuries BC, the Mulucha formed the boundary between the Kingdom of the Mauri to the west and the Kingdom of the Masaesylli to the east.[5] Mentioned as Mulucha by Titus Livius (also known as Livy).[6][7]

Flamingoes in the Moulouya.

In the Historia Brittonum (c. 828) it appears as the River Malvam, along the legendary route of the Scoti from Egypt to Hispania.[8] In Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae (c. 1136), Brutus of Troy follows a similar route from Leogecia, adding encounters with pirates, raids in Mauretania, and sirens at the Pillars of Hercules, passing the River Malvam before entering Mauretania.[9]

The Moulouya River formed the eastern border of the Rif Republic in the 1920s, a small part of Morocco containing important cities like Saïdia and Oujda lying to the east, between the Moulouya and the border with Algeria. Until 1956 the river also formed the eastern border of the Spanish Protectorate of Morocco.[citation needed]

Before French colonisation, the Moulouya River was considered as the border between Regency of Algiers and the dynasties that controlled Morocco.[10][11] A battle between the Algerians and the Alawites took place in 1692 at the ford of this river.

The illusionary Martian canals were given names of mythical and real rivers, including one named the "Malva" after the River Malvam.

Ecology

Fish killed by pollutants fill the Moulouya River in August 2011.

The Moulouya receives domestic wastewater from nearby populations and agricultural pollutants originating in the upper valley of its headwaters.[12] In mid-2011, thousands of fish were found dead along the river, prompting environmental groups to blame pollution from the nearby Sucrafor sugar refinery, part of the Cosumar group, which had previously faced similar accusations in the 1980s and 1990s. The North Moroccan Green Platform reported black, foul-smelling water near Zaio, and farmers said livestock died after drinking from the river.[13]

References

  1. ^ "Embouchure de la Moulouya". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  2. ^ Peyron, M. (1990). "'Ayyachi, Jbel". Encyclopédie berbère. Vol. 8. Edisud. pp. 1200–1204. doi:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.188.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  3. ^ Trakadas 2016, p. 93.
  4. ^ "Mulucha". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854). Retrieved 2024-09-30. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  5. ^ UNESCO (1996-12-31). History of Humanity: From the Seventh Century B.C. to the Seventh Century A.D. UNESCO Publishing. p. 289. ISBN 978-92-3-102812-0.
  6. ^ "Titus Livius (Livy), The History of Rome, Book 29, chapter 30". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  7. ^ Chisholm, Hugh. Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 817–823.
  8. ^ Fitzpatrick-Matthews, Keith J. (2020). "Genealogia Brittonum: the complete Historia Brittonum". Retrieved 2022-10-25.
  9. ^ San-Marte, ed. (1854). Gottfried's von Monmouth: Historia Regum Britanniae (in Latin and German). Eduard Anton. pp. 13, 196.
  10. ^ Martinière, Maximilien Antoine Cyprien Henri Poisson de La; Lacroix, Napoléon (1894). Documents pour servir à l'étude du Nord Ouest africain: réunis et rédigés par ordre de M. Jules Cambon (in French). Gouvernement général de l'Algérie, Service des affaires indigènes.
  11. ^ Merouche, Lemnouar (2007-10-15). Recherches sur l'Algérie à l'époque ottomane II.: La course, mythes et réalité (in French). Editions Bouchène. ISBN 978-2-35676-055-5.
  12. ^ Chahboune, M.; Chahlaoui, A.; Zaid, A; Mehanned, S; Ben Moussa, A (2014-11-18). "Monitoring of the water's quality of Moulouya River: main tributary of Hassan II dam (Province of Midelt, Morocco)". Moroccan Journal of Chemistry. 2 (5). doi:10.48317/IMIST.PRSM/MORJCHEM-V2I5.2413.
  13. ^ "Fish Deaths and Pollution in a Moroccan River". Morocco World News. 2011-08-05. Retrieved 2025-10-06.

Sources

  • Trakadas, Athena (2016-01-22). "Oued Moulouya". Fish-Salting in the Northwest Maghreb in Antiquity: A Gazetteer of Sites and Resources. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-78491-242-0. Retrieved 2025-10-26.


allikas: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moulouya