The Jew of Linz

The Jew of Linz
Cover of the first edition
AuthorKimberley Cornish
LanguageEnglish
SubjectLudwig Wittgenstein
PublisherCentury Books, an imprint of Random House
In Germany as Der Jude aus Linz: Hitler und Wittgenstein (1998) by Ullstein Verlag
Published in English
1998
Media typePrint
Pages298
ISBN0-7126-7935-9
LC ClassB3376.W564
Class photograph at the Linz Realschule c. 1901, a young Adolf Hitler in the back row on the right. In the penultimate row, third from the right, a student who is said by Cornish (dating the photo to c. 1904) to be Ludwig Wittgenstein. The adult is Oskar Langer who taught at the school until 1901.

The Jew of Linz is a 1998 book by Australian writer Kimberley Cornish, in which the author alleges that the Austrian philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein was the catalyst for the antisemitism of Adolf Hitler when they were both pupils at the Realschule (secondary school) in Linz, Austria, in the early 1900s. Cornish also alleges that Wittgenstein was involved in the Cambridge Five Soviet spy ring. [1][2]

Contents

Summary

  1. The occasion for Adolf Hitler becoming anti-Semitic was a schoolboy interaction in Linz, circa 1904, with Ludwig Wittgenstein.
  2. In the 1920s, Wittgenstein joined the Comintern.
  3. As a Trinity College don, and a member of the Cambridge Apostles, Wittgenstein recruited fellow Apostles Guy Burgess, Kim Philby and Anthony Blunt, all students at Trinity—as well as Donald Maclean from nearby Trinity Hall—to work for the Soviet Union.
  4. Wittgenstein was responsible for the secret of decrypting the German "Enigma" code being passed to Joseph Stalin, which resulted ultimately in the Nazi defeats on the Eastern Front and liberation of the surviving Jews from the camps.
  5. Both Hitler's oratory and Wittgenstein's philosophy of language derive from the hermetic tradition, the key to which is Wittgenstein's "no-ownership" theory of mind, described by P. F. Strawson in his book Individuals (1958).[3]

Realschule

The photograph

Cornish claims that "a photograph of Hitler aged fourteen at the school also shows the fourteen-year-old Wittgenstein",[a] dating the photo to 1903/1904.[5]: 11  He used the photograph in the text and part of it on his book cover. The boy in the top-right corner is undisputedly Hitler. Cornish says the Victoria Police photographic evidence unit in Australia examined the photograph and confirmed that it was "highly probable" the other boy is Wittgenstein. "The matter of the photograph" said Cornish "is clearly of great significance for our hypothesis".[6]

The photo was published by Hugo Rabitsch in his Aus Adolf Hitlers Jugendzeit (1938) with the caption: "Professor Oskar Langer mit der Klasse I b , 1900/1901 Rechts oben der 12jährige Adolf Hitler"(Professor Oskar Langer with Class I b, 1900/1901. Top right: 12-year-old Adolf Hitler).[7][b] Wittgenstein also does not appear in the lists of Hitler's classmates that Rabitsch provides.[9] Langer has been established as having worked at the school from 1884 only until 1901.[10] At the time of Cornish's publication, historian Brigitte Hamann dated the photograph to 1900 or 1901 for Focus magazine.[11][c] Since then, Austrian historian Roman Sandgruber [de] has asserted it is from 1901 and Israeli historian Steven E. Aschheim has also said it has been "reliably dated" to that year.[15][16] Wittgenstein did not arrive at Linz until the 1903/1904 academic year, as Cornish himself acknowledges.[17]

Wittgenstein and Hitler at Linz

Wittgenstein and Hitler were together at the Realschule only from 1903 to 1904 (when both boys would have been fourteen).[18][19] There is no evidence that the two got to know each other.[20][d] (While Hitler was just six days older than Wittgenstein, they were two grades apart at the school—Hitler had repeated the first year and Wittgenstein had been advanced a year.) But, as, Aschheim notes, this did not deter Cornish from asserting that the cause of Hitler's 'genocidal anti-Semitism' is a supposed 'schoolboy spat' with Wittgenstein.[22][e]

Cornish's thesis is that the young Wittgenstein was "the very first link in the chain of hatred that led to Auschwitz" and the one Jewish boy from Hitler's school days referred to in Mein Kampf.[24] The last claim referred to the following, as quoted by Cornish:

At the Realschule, to be sure, I did meet one Jewish boy who was treated by all of us with caution, but only because various experiences had led us to doubt his discretion and we did not particularly trust him ...

— Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, 1943 translation by Ralph Manheim, as quoted by Cornish.[25]

"This paragraph — a mere forty words in English translation — is the focus of our investigation" writes Cornish.[26] Though, as Nicholas Mosley points out:

in the next sentence Hitler goes on to say about the boy (and Mr Cornish does not quote this): "Beyond that, my companions and myself formed no particular opinions in regard to him." And a few lines later Hitler is explaining that at this time ... hearing hostile remarks about Jews ... aroused in him "a feeling of abhorrence". (Mr Cornish does not mention this either.)[27]

Cornish argues further that Hitler's anti-Semitism involved a projection of the young Wittgenstein's traits onto the whole Jewish people. Wittgenstein did have three Jewish grandparents but Wittgenstein himself, and his mother and father, were Roman Catholics.

The Cambridge Five

Cornish also argues that Wittgenstein is the most likely suspect as recruiter of the "Cambridge Five" spy ring. The author suggests that Wittgenstein was responsible for British decryption technology for the German Enigma code reaching the Red Army and that he thereby enabled the Red Army victories on the Eastern Front that liberated the camps and ultimately overthrew the Reich.

He writes that the Soviet government offered Wittgenstein the chair in philosophy at what had been Lenin's university (Kazan) at a time (during the Great Purge) when ideological conformity was at a premium amongst Soviet academics and enforced by the very harshest penalties. Wittgenstein wanted to emigrate to Russia, first in the twenties, as he wrote in a letter to Paul Engelmann, and again in the thirties, either to work as a labourer or as a philosophy lecturer. Cornish argues that given the nature of the Soviet regime, the possibility that a non-Marxist philosopher (or even one over whom the government could exert no ideological control) would be offered such a post, is unlikely in the extreme.

No-ownership theory of mind

Other sections of the book deal with Cornish's theories about what he claims are the common roots of Wittgenstein's and Hitler's philosophies in mysticism, magic, and the "no-ownership" theory of mind. Cornish sees this as Wittgenstein's generalisation of Arthur Schopenhauer's account of the Unity of the Will, in which despite appearances, there is only a single Will acting through the bodies of all creatures. This doctrine, generalized to other mental faculties such as thinking, is presented in Ralph Waldo Emerson's "Essays". The doctrine, writes Cornish, was also held by the Oxford philosopher R. G. Collingwood who was one of Wittgenstein's electors to his Cambridge chair. Cornish tries to tie this to Wittgenstein's arguments against the idea of "mental privacy" and in conclusion says "I have attempted to locate the source of the Holocaust in a perversion of early Aryan religious doctrines about the ultimate nature of man". Cornish also suggests that Hitler's oratorical powers in addressing the group mind of crowds and Wittgenstein's philosophy of language and denial of mental privacy, are the practical and theoretical consequences of this doctrine.

Reception

The book proved controversial, with reviewers criticizing it for drawing unwarranted connections between disparate events. The main criticisms were that:

  1. Cornish's evidence is contentious.
  2. Hitler and Wittgenstein did attend the same school at the same time, but there is little evidence that they knew each other.
  3. There is no evidence that there was a personal antagonism between them, or that Hitler's dislike of Wittgenstein shaped the course of Nazi anti-Semitism.
  4. Despite the wealth of material which has emerged from the archives of the KGB since the collapse of the Soviet Union, there is no evidence that Wittgenstein was amongst the higher-level Soviet spies in the UK, or that he was a Soviet agent, or that he had pro-Soviet sympathies at all.
  5. Cornish misrepresents Wittgenstein's thought and his philosophical context, or simply does not understand him.

Laurence Goldstein

One of the main issues of contention is the claim that Wittgenstein triggered or substantially contributed to Hitler's antisemitism while they were at school together. This is a view that, says Sandgruber, "must be referred to the realm of inventions".[28] But it is one that had some support from British philosopher Laurence Goldstein. In his Clear and Queer Thinking (1999), Goldstein called Cornish's book important, writing: "it is overwhelmingly probable that Hitler and Wittgenstein did meet, and with dire consequences for the history of the world" (though the evidence is "admittedly circumstantial").[29]: 164 

Goldstein remained convinced of the book's importance, writing in a 2010 review, that the author Béla Szabados "to his discredit" and "like many of Wittgenstein’s admirers, entirely disregards Kimberly Cornish’s controversial book" (and its "not yet conclusive evidence").[30]

Goldstein's says that "Cornish suggests, with some plausibility, that at certain points in Mein Kampf where Hitler seems to be raging against Jews in general it is the individual young Ludwig Wittgenstein whom he has in mind" [31] and that Wittgenstein "may have inspired [...] the hatred of Jews which led, ultimately, to the Holocaust".[32] According to Marie McGinn, this is "exactly this sort of sloppy, irresponsible, but `plausible' style of thought that Wittgenstein's philosophy, by its careful attention to the particular and to not saying more or less than is warranted, is directed against. Goldstein's susceptibility to the charms of such obvious myths makes his hubristic claim that his 'understanding of Wittgenstein's work has improved immeasurably as a result of developing an empathy for the man' offensive as well as risible."[f] A review of Goldstein in the journal Philosophy concludes that it is "all too easy to imagine all sorts of things" about the Third Reich, industries being built 'on such imaginings', but suggests it is better to stick to facts.[33] Goldstein was also reviewed critically by Anthony Palmer in the journal Philosophical Investigations.[34]

Others

David G. Stern described Cornish's "account of Wittgenstein's Jewishness as the driving force behind Hitler's anti-Semitism" as "a good example of the dangers of applying the conspiracy theory approach to Wittgenstein".[35] Hans Sluga describes Cornish as a "gossip-writer" and says his book "constructs a completely fantastic narrative".[36]

A leading article in the The Economist remarks of Cornish's book, "The logic is simple: if a claim has not been conclusively refuted, then that is a good reason to believe it. This principle is of little use in the natural sciences, but it works profitable wonders in the science of publishing."[37] That, on the "slender basis" that his "family were Jewish converts to Christianity, and the young philosopher went to the same school as Adolf Hitler", Wittgenstein is deemed "unwittingly responsible for the Holocaust" is, according to an editorial in Philosophy Now, a "tasteless piece of nonsense" [38]

Alan Bennett remarks, "it seems probable that the 'one Jewish boy' mentioned early on in Mein Kampf was, as Cornish asserts, Ludwig Wittgenstein. The trouble is Cornish makes his case in such a tendentious and overheated fashion, and utterly without humour, that he invites scepticism."[39] Jane Kramer described The Jew of Linz as "right-wing idiocy ... a fantasy disguised as a disquisition ... which holds that Hitler murdered six million Jews because of an unfortunate brush with Ludwig Wittgenstein in a Linz Realschule".[40]

Selected reviews

"The lack of any logical framework makes the work in this book insupportable. Moreover, it is erroneous to think that tenuous fragments of information taken as a sum total lead to a weighty hypothesis." writes Sophie Hampshire in Leonardo, "Cornish needs to exercise rigorous deductive analysis and to curb his imagination if he is to continue writing on such complex topics."[41]

Paul Monk concentrates on the inconsistencies in Cornish's theory that Wittgenstein was the head of the Cambridge spy ring, asking why Cornish has apparently not bothered to verify any of his theories by checking the KGB archives. Ultimately, Monk says "As I read The Jew of Linz, I found myself wondering how on earth Cornish had confected so strange a piece of work. I found it by turns puzzling, funny, challenging and outrageously nutty... Cornish calls his book 'pioneer detective work', but I think it is really pioneer detective fiction."[42]

Daniel Johnson viewed The Jew of Linz as a "revisionist tract masquerading as psycho-history". He wrote, "Cornish correctly identifies 'the twist of the investigation' as the thesis that 'Nazi metaphysics, as discernible in Hitler's writings... is nothing but Wittgenstein's theory of the mind modified so as to exclude the race of its inventor'. So the Jew of Linz was indirectly responsible, at least in part, for the Holocaust. Cornish tries to deflect the implications of his argument thus: 'Whatever 'the Jews' may have done, nothing humanly justifies what was done to them.' But he then offers 'a thought that might occur to a Hasidic Jew, and that is more fittingly a matter for Jewish, as opposed to gentile, reflection: the very engine that drove Hitler's acquisition of the magical powers that made his ascent and the Holocaust possible was the Wittgenstein Covenant violation'. At this point, the nonsensical shades into the downright sinister.[43]

Sean French wrote in the New Statesman: "There is something heroic about this argument and it would be a good subject for a novel about the dangers of creating theories out of nothing. Vladimir Nabokov should have written it. It is not just that there are weak links in the theory. There are no links in the theory. No evidence that Hitler, in his final unhappy year, even knew a boy two years above him. If they did know each other, there is no evidence that he was the boy Hitler distrusted, no evidence that Hitler's remarks on snitching related to specific incidents at the Linz Realschule, no evidence that Wittgenstein informed on his fellow pupils."[44] In the same magazine Roz Kaveney calls it "a stupid and dishonest book", and says "[Cornish's] intention is to claim Wittgenstein for his own brand of contemplative mysticism, which he defines as the great insight that IndoEuropeans (or, as he unregenerately terms them, Aryans) brought to Hinduism and Buddhism."[45]

Antony Flew offers a mixed review: "Mr Cornish contends that the reason why the government of the USSR treated Wittgenstein with such peculiar generosity was that he had been the recruiter of all the Cambridge spies. The question whether or not this hypothesis is true or false can be definitively settled only if and when the relevant Soviet archives are examined. But I am myself as confident as without such knock-down decisive verification it is possible to be that Mr Cornish is right. On the other hand, 'On the very first page of Part III, Mr Cornish explains that the essence of this doctrine was expressed by Emerson in his restatement of the original Aryan doctrine of consciousness: '… the act of seeing and the thing seen, the see-er and the spectacle, the subject and the object is one'. I confess, not very shamefacedly, that confronted with such doctrines I want to quote Groucho Marx: 'It appears absurd. But don't be misled. It is absurd.'"[46]

German historian Michael Rissmann argues that Cornish overestimates Hitler's intellectual capacities and uses fraudulent talks Hermann Rauschning claims to have had with Hitler to prove Hitler's alleged occultist interest."[47] In Philosophy Now, John Mann argues that the contentions that so riled up the book's many critics were simply a clever ruse by Cornish designed to attract more readers. Mann writes: "Cornish is clever enough to know if he wrote a book on his 'no ownership' theory of language it would not have a wide readership. If he says this 'no ownership' theory was taught by Wittgenstein, learned and twisted for his own ends by Hitler, and actually needs Cornish to explain it all in great detail for the rest of the book he has the book reviewed in every paper and even serialised in the Sunday Times. ... If you’re looking for a book which offers history, politics, magic and philosophy, try The Jew of Linz."[48]

Notes

  1. ^ Though as journalist Carlos Widmann noted, Hitler and the other boy look younger than 14.[4]
  2. ^ The same photograph also appears in a 1953 memoir of the young Hitler by August Kubizek with the caption "ein Bild aus der ersten Klasse der Linzer Realschule" (a picture from the first Class of Realschule in Linz).[8]
  3. ^ Hamann also told Der Spiegel it predated 1903 and that the child near Hitler was not Wittgenstein.[12] German government library sources date the photograph to circa 1901, American ones to June 1901.[13][14]
  4. ^ Sluga writes "It is one of the ironies of history that the future philosopher and the future dictator actually attended the same school for a year. There is, however, no evidence that the two got to know each other in that period."[21]
  5. ^ That "Hitler's antiSemitism was prompted by an unknown incident involving the young Wittgenstein."[23]
  6. ^ McGinn, Marie. "Hi Ludwig!" Times Literary Supplement, no. 5069, 26 May 2000, p. 24. quoted in: Fitzgerald, Michael (2 August 2004). Autism and Creativity: Is There a Link between Autism in Men and Exceptional Ability?. Routledge. p. 308. ISBN 978-1-135-45340-4.

Reference

  1. ^ Davis, Douglas. "Hitler's pet hate," Jerusalem Post, 20 April 1998. p.17 ProQuest 319221469
  2. ^ "Blame it on Wittgenstein: author claims that Hitler's hatred of a young Jewish philosopher-to-be produced Nazism and the Holocaust: The Jew of Linz: Wittgenstein, Hitler and their secret battle for the mind." Globe & Mail [Toronto, Canada], 1 Aug. 1998 Gale A30208949
  3. ^ Strawson, Peter. Individuals. Methuen, 1958.
  4. ^ Widmann, Carlos (5 July 1998). "Der Indiana Jones von Linz". Der Spiegel (in German). ISSN 2195-1349. Retrieved 17 February 2026.
  5. ^ Cornish, Kimberley (1998). The Jew of Linz: Wittgenstein, Hitler, and their secret battle for the mind. London: Century. ISBN 978-0-7126-7935-0.
  6. ^ Cornish 1998, p. 11.
  7. ^ Rabitsch, Hugo (1938). Aus Adolf Hitlers Jugendzeit (in German). Munich: Deutscher Volksverlag. pp. 149.
  8. ^ Kubizek, August (1966) [1953]. Adolf Hitler : mein Jugendfreund. Graz und Stuttgart : Leopold Stocker Verlag. p. 89.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
  9. ^ Giles, Geoffrey J. (31 December 2001), Gellately, Robert; Stoltzfus, Nathan (eds.), "CHAPTER 11. The Institutionalization of Homosexual Panic in the Third Reich", Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany, Princeton University Press, pp. 251 fn.1, doi:10.1515/9780691188355-011, ISBN 978-0-691-18835-5{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link)
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  11. ^ Thiede, Roger (16 March 1998). "Phantom Wittgenstein". Focus (in German). Archived from the original on 14 July 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2026.
  12. ^ Widmann, Carlos (5 July 1998). "Der Indiana Jones von Linz". Der Spiegel (in German). ISSN 2195-1349. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 19 February 2026.
  13. ^ "The Digital Picture Archives of the Federal Archives". Archived from the original on 1 October 2025. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
  14. ^ *"Hitler, As youth; with classmates in school picture; Linz, Austria; June 1901". U.S. Library of Congress. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
  15. ^ Sandgruber, Roman (2022). Hitler's Father: Hidden Letters: Why the Son Became a Dictator (1st ed.). New York: Pen & Sword Books Limited. pp. 239–240. ISBN 978-1-3990-1928-6. It is not possible for Wittgenstein and Hitler to be seen together in a class photo of 1 B, as the Australian historian Kimberly Cornish tried to prove in a somewhat oblique book, not only because the two were never in the same class, but because Wittgenstein, when the photo was taken in 1901, was not yet at school at all.
  16. ^ Aschheim 2018, p. 125.
  17. ^ Cornish 1998, p. 9.
  18. ^ McGuinness, Brian. Young Ludwig: Wittgenstein's Life 1889-1921. University of California Press, 1988, p. 51, .
  19. ^ Hitler started at the school in September 1900, repeated the first year in 1901, and left in the autumn of 1904. Kershaw, Ian (2000). "Hitler, 1889–1936". W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 16–19. ISBN 978-0-393-32035-0.
  20. ^ Monk, Ray (2012). Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Duty of Genius. Random House. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-4481-1267-8.
  21. ^ Sluga, H. (1996). Ludwig Wittgenstein: Wittgenstein: Life and work An introduction. In H. D. Sluga & D. G. Stern (Eds.), The Cambridge Companion to Wittgenstein (p. 4). introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  22. ^ Aschheim, Steven E. (2018), "8. Vienna: Harbinger of Creativity and Catastrophe", Fragile Spaces, De Gruyter, p. 125, doi:10.1515/9783110596939-008, ISBN 978-3-11-059693-9, retrieved 19 February 2026, While the two attended the same school for that limited period there is no evidence that their paths ever crossed, a fact which did not deter Cornish from asserting that the source of Hitler's genocidal anti-Semitism is to be found in his schoolboy spat with Wittgenstein!{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link)
  23. ^ West, Nigel. (1998). The jew of linz: Reviews of new books. History, 26(4), 216-217.
  24. ^ Cornish 1998, p. 13.
  25. ^ Cornish 1998, p. 12.
  26. ^ Cornish 1998, pp. 12–13.
  27. ^ Mosley, N. (1998, Mar 14). "Books: Root of the nazi party's anti-semitism? Nicholas Mosley disputes claims made for a philosopher's childhood influence on a future dictator, and later role in bringing him down." The Daily Telegraph ProQuest 316976506
  28. ^ Sandgruber, Roman (2022). Hitler's Father: Hidden Letters: Why the Son Became a Dictator (1st ed.). New York: Pen & Sword Books Limited. p. 239. ISBN 978-1-3990-1928-6. that Hitler's anti-Semitism had expressed itself or even ignited through contacts with Jewish classmates has been claimed above all in connection with Ludwig Wittgenstein. However, [...] that his time at secondary school was the reason for Hitler's hostility to Jews must be referred to the realm of inventions.
  29. ^ Goldstein, Laurence (1999). "Wittgenstein the Man". Clear and queer thinking : Wittgenstein's development and his relevance to modern thought. New York : Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8476-9545-4.
  30. ^ Goldstein, Laurence (7 August 2010). "Ludwig Wittgenstein on Race, Gender and Cultural Identity". Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews. Archived from the original on 17 November 2025. Retrieved 12 February 2026.
  31. ^ Goldstein 1999, p. 169.
  32. ^ Goldstein 1999, p. 164.
  33. ^ Anon. (July 1999). "Booknotes". Philosophy. 74 (3): 462. doi:10.1017/S0031819199000522. ISSN 0031-8191.
  34. ^ Palmer contends that what Goldstein calls his Mandy Rice-Davies approach to interpreting Wittgenstein is "not an approach to interpretation at all" but "presupposes an understanding of what has been said and seeks only to question the ulterior motives for, and the seriousness or honesty shown, in saying it." Palmer, A. (2002). "Reviews". Philosophical Investigations. 25 (2): 218–220. doi:10.1111/1467-9205.00172. ISSN 0190-0536.
  35. ^ Stern, David. "Was Wittgenstein a Jew?" in Klagge, James C., ed. (2001). Wittgenstein: Biography and Philosophy. Cambridge University Press, p. 241. ISBN 978-0-521-80397-7
  36. ^ Sluga, Hans (28 December 2017). "Introduction: Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Man, the Life, and the Work". In Sluga, Hans; Stern, David G. (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to Wittgenstein (2 ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 3, 25. doi:10.1017/9781316341285. ISBN 978-1-316-34128-5.
  37. ^ "Magnates and metaphysics". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2026.
  38. ^ "News: Spring 1998 | Issue 20 | Philosophy Now". philosophynow.org. Retrieved 18 February 2026.
  39. ^ Bennett, Alan (20 January 2000). "Diary: What I did in 1999". London Review of Books. Vol. 22, no. 02. ISSN 0260-9592. Archived from the original on 18 February 2026. Retrieved 18 February 2026.
  40. ^ Kramer, Jane (1 March 1999). "The Accidental Führer". The New Yorker. p. 87. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved 23 February 2026.
  41. ^ Hampshire, Sophie. Review of The Jew of Linz, by Kimberly Cornish. Leonardo, vol. 32 no. 3, 1999, p. 232-233. Project MUSE, https://muse.jhu.edu/article/607867.
  42. ^ Monk, Paul. "The Jew of Linz: Wittgenstein, Hitler and Their Secret Battle for the Mind." Quadrant, vol. 42, no. 9, Sept. 1998, pp. 79+. Accessed 10 Feb. 2026. Gale A21172488
  43. ^ Johnson, Daniel. "What didn't happen in Linz," The Sunday Times Literary Supplement, 17 April 1998.
  44. ^ French, Sean. "The idea that Hitler and Wittgenstein were once schoolmates is certainly compelling. But it's hardly the stuff of serious historical conjecture." New Statesman, vol. 127, no. 4376, 13 Mar. 1998, p. 18. Gale A20484978
  45. ^ Kaveney, Roz. New Statesman, vol. 127, no. 4388, 5 June 1998. p. 48. Gale A20954080
  46. ^ Flew, Antony (July 1999). "The Jew of Linz: Wittgenstein, Hitler and their Secret Battle for the Mind" (PDF). Free Life : A Journal of Classical Liberal and Libertarian Thought (32). London: Libertarian Alliance: 14. ISSN 0260-5112.
  47. ^ Rissmann, Michael. Hitlers Gott. Vorsehungsglaube und Sendungsbewußtsein des deutschen Diktators, Zürich München: Pendo, 2001, p. 95 and footnote 456.
  48. ^ Mann, John. "The Jew of Linz by Kimberley Cornish," Philosophy Now, 19 June 1998.
allikas: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberley_Cornish