Treaty of Kyehae

Treaty of Kyehae
Japanese name
Kanji嘉吉条約
Hiraganaかきつじょうやく
Transcriptions
Revised HepburnKakitsu Jōyaku
Korean name
Hangul계해조약
Hanja癸亥條約
Transcriptions
Revised RomanizationGyehae Joyak
McCune–ReischauerKyehae Choyak

The Kyehae Treaty was signed in 1443 ("Kyehae" is the Korean name of the year in the sexagenary cycle) between the Joseon and the Sō clan head Sadamori as a means of controlling wokou and legitimizing trade between Tsushima and three Korean ports.[1] It is also called Kakitsu Treaty (嘉吉条約, Kakitsu Jōyaku); 1443 is the third year of the Kakitsu era in the Japanese calendar. The treaty was the last document signed between Japan and Korea for 433 years till 1876.

Precedents

Tsushima was then an important trade center. The private trade started between Goryeo, Tsushima, Iki, and Kyūshū, but halted during the Mongol invasions of Japan between 1274 and 1281. The Goryeosa, a history of Goryeo, reports that in 1274, a Mongol army that included many Korean soldiers killed many Japanese on the islands.

Tsushima became one of the major bases for the wokou, along with the Iki and Matsuura. Repeated pirate raids led Goryeo, and subsequently Joseon, to placate pirates by establishing trade agreements and negotiating with the Ashikaga shogunate and its deputy in Kyūshū, as well as using force to neutralize them. In 1389, General Pak Wi (朴威) of Goryeo attempted to clear Tsushima of wokou, but uprisings in Korea forced him to return home.

On June 19, 1419, the recently abdicated King Taejong of Joseon sent General Yi Chongmu to an expedition to Tsushima to clear it of wokou, using a fleet of 227 vessels and 17,000 soldiers known in Japanese as the Ōei Invasion. The army returned to Korea on July 3, 1419,[2] and Korea gave up occupation of Tsushima.[3] In 1443, the Daimyo of Tsushima, Sō Sadamori proposed a Kyehae treaty. The number of ships permitted to trade between Tsushima and Korea was determined by this treaty, and the Sō clan monopolized trade with Korea.[4]

Terms

This treaty was signed by King Sejong the Great and the Lord of Tsushima island in 1443. The daimyō of the So clan of Tsushima island was granted rights to conduct trade with Korea in fifty ships per year, in exchange for receiving a substantial stipend from the Korean government and aiding in stopping any wokou raids on Korean ports.[5][6] The treaty was discarded by the revolt of the Sampo in 1510.

See also

References

  1. ^ Pratt, Keith L.; Rutt, Richard; Hoare, James (September 1999). Korea: a historical and cultural dictionary. Routledge. p. 255. ISBN 978-0-7007-0463-7.
  2. ^ "朝鮮王朝実録世宗4卷1年7月3日" Annals of the Joseon DynastyKing SejongVol.4 July 3 [1]
  3. ^ "朝鮮王朝実録世宗4卷1年7月9日" Annals of the Joseon DynastyKing SejongVol.4 July 9 [2] "세종 4권, 1년(1419 기해 / 명 영락(永樂) 17년) 7월 9일(임자) 5번째기사이원이 막 돌아온 수군을 돌려 다시 대마도 치는 것이 득책이 아님을 고하다"
  4. ^ Tsushima tourist Association WEB site [3]"1443　嘉吉条約（発亥約定）- 李氏朝鮮と通交条約である嘉吉条約を結び、歳遣船の定数を定める。これにより、宗家が朝鮮貿易の独占的な地位を占めるようになる。"
  5. ^ Swope, Kenneth M. (2013). A Dragon's Head and a Serpent's Tail: Ming China and the First Great East Asian War, 1592-1598. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-0806185026.
  6. ^ John W. Hall.; et al. (April 27, 1990). The Cambridge history of Japan [Medieval Japan]. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 442. ISBN 0-521-22354-7.
allikas: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakitsu_treaty