Cannabis in France

Map of cannabis laws in Europe
Legality of cannabis in Europe
  Legal for recreational use
  Legal for medical use
  Illegal
Hemp field in Portet-sur-Garonne, near Toulouse in Southern France

Cannabis in France is a plant considered indigenous,[1] although currently illegal for personal use except in cases of varieties or products containing low amounts of the main active compound, ∆9-THC. but remains one of the most popular illegal drugs. Limited types of cannabis-derived products are permitted for medical uses.

History

Early history

Cannabis is cultivated in France since the late Neolithic.[1] Documentation suggests that French hemp was not entirely deprived of ∆9-THC. For example, in 1570, Mathias de l'Obel documented traditional uses of hemp in the Cévennes region, which included medicinal and psychoactive ones. He noted that hemp "promotes sleep; yet excessive use overwhelms with troublesome drowsiness."[2] In the nineteenth century, a professor of medicine in Lyon explained:

The hemp seeds “chènevis” of our fibrous hemp (Cannabis sativa) do not seem totally deprived of inebriating properties; hempseed oil, which is part of the food regime of the poorest people, is said to sometimes produce a sort of excitation or hilarity which recalls that of haschich.[3]

In early French pharmacopoeias, cannabis appeared used in different ways, from "emulsion" (similar to almond milk) to "sparadrap" (bandaid) and later on "haschish" and "tincture."

Hemp was, for long, extensively cultivated in France, with the primary output being the fibers used in the production of industrious and military materials (the national Corderie Royale remaining the best example).[4] Nevertheless, French naturalist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck documented in 1780 that "Hemp plants grown in pots upon windowsills or cultivated in neighboring gardens".[5] Today, France remains among the main producers of hemp for industrial (fiber) purposes, although only a limited number of varieties can be legally cultivated.

French Colonies

During Napoléon Bonaparte's invasion of Egypt in 1798, the troops got to try different preparations of hashish, which they found to their liking.[6] As a result of the conspicuous consumption of hashish by the troops, the smoking of hashish and consumption of drinks containing it was banned in October 1800, although not by Napoleon but by Jacques-François Menou, one of his officers.[7] Upon the end of the occupation in 1801, French troops reportedly brought supplies of hashish with them back to France.[6] More than hashish, which historians have shown was a minor preoccupation for Napoleon,[7] taking control of the vast fields of non-psychoactive hemp for fiber production of the Russian Empire was one of the main drivers of Napoleon's campaign in Russia.[4]

More critically with regards to psychoactive hemp, the invasion of Algeria by France and its integration into the country as a department brought sustained and prolonged contact the French pharmaceutical industry with farmers, climates, and cultivation knowledge which were taken advantage of to create increase production capacity for France's internal market.[7]

Recent history

A new interest in the plant and its effects, both medicinally and for non-medical purposes. In the mid-1800s, following travel and studies in Asia, French psychiatrist Jacques-Joseph Moreau studied hashish extensively and created the 1845 work of Du Hachisch et de l'aliénation mentale (Hashish and Mental Illness).[8]

In the 1800s, hashish was embraced in some European literary circles. Most famously, the Club des Hashischins was a Parisian club dedicated to the consumption of hashish and other drugs; its members included authors Théophile Gautier, Moreau de Tours, Victor Hugo, Alexandre Dumas, Charles Baudelaire and Honoré de Balzac.[9] Baudelaire later wrote the 1860 book Les paradis artificiels about the state of being under the influence of opium and hashish.

Legality

French cannabis legalisation activist Jean-Pierre Galland in 2007

In France, possession and use of cannabis fall under criminal law and the Loi du 31 décembre 1970, regarding health measures against drug abuse and suppression of drug trafficking.

Restrictions to freedom of speech

In French law, free speech is not permitted in relation to narcotic drugs, as Article L-3421-4 (formerly L 630[10]) of the Public Health code states that:

Provocation to commit the offence provided for in Article L. 3421-1 or one of the offences provided for in Articles 222-34 to 222 3421-1 or one of the offences provided for in Articles 222-34 to 222-39 of the Criminal Code [i.e. any drug-related infraction], even if such provocation has not been followed up, or the fact of presenting these offences in a favorable light, shall be punishable by five years’ imprisonment and a fine of 75,000 euros[11]

The vague and broad terms highlighted in the quote above have given rise to criticism[12] and controversial legal action against cannabis activists, book editors, and online content creators.[13]

Medical cannabis

France is a signatory to the 1961 Single Convention on narcotic drugs, and had banned cannabis as a medical treatment already in 1953. Since then, the importation, sale, transport and production of cannabis and cannabinoids has been illegal in France. In 1999, the Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Produits de Santé made temporary use authorisations for health products otherwise not permitted on the French market. In 1991 a court rejected the demands of the NGO Mouvement pour la Légalisation Contrôlée concerning the importation of cannabis to supply 10 patients suffering terminal illness, arguing that such was incompatible with France's adherence to the 1961 UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, and MLC's inability to scientifically control and administer medical cannabis.[citation needed]

In June 2013, a reform intended to provide limited access, facilitating approval by the National Medical Safety Agency (Agence nationale de sécurité du médicament – ANSM). Pharmacists expected the change to facilitate research and access.[14]

In September 2018, the French National Agency for Drug Safety (ANSM) started a limited experimentation on therapeutic cannabis. They created a scientific committee to evaluate a new public policy and distribution network for specific diseases.[15] This experiment will gather 3,000 patients and provide dried flowers and extracts for people going under epilepsy, neuropathic pain or to treat side effects of chemotherapy.[16] The first test started in 2021 (delayed due to the coronavirus pandemic) and has been going on since then, regularly prolonged.[17][18][19]

Reform

On 25 May 2017, the Minister of the Interior indicated his intention to implement reforms, promised by President Emmanuel Macron during his campaign, to substitute citations rather than arrest and trial for use and possession of cannabis.[20] On 23 November 2018 the penalty for possession of cannabis (and other illegal drugs) was reduced to a 200 euro fine, following a 28–14 vote by the National Assembly.[21][22] On 1 September 2020, the French Government introduced a 200€ fine for cannabis consumption instead of being taken into custody. This measure will also be applied for cocaine detention.[23] Macron has ruled out legalising cannabis while he is in office and legalisation is also opposed by the former government health minister Agnès Buzyn and Interior Minister Gérald Darmanin.[24]

Those that support the legalisation of cannabis in France include Julien Bayou, Benoît Hamon, Yannick Jadot, Jean-Luc Mélenchon, Pierre Person and Aurélien Taché.[25][26][27][28][29] In 2019, the French Conseil d'Analyse Économique published a report that recommended legalising cannabis for recreational use in France.[30]

Consumption

Trends in cannabis usage for ages 15–44 between 1990 and 2000

In 2012, 13.4 million French people between age 15 and 64 had tried cannabis, and 1.2 million people in Metropolitan France considered themselves regular users.[31] France ranks fourth in the European Union in terms of monthly consumption (following the Czech Republic, Spain, and Italy) and second only to Denmark in terms of persons who have ever used cannabis.[32]

In 2015, the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction published a new report on drugs, saying that the French people were still the biggest cannabis consumers, especially in the 15–34 segment. The report is also affirming that the product quality is increasing, due to competition and technical innovation.[33]

Opinion

A poll conducted by CSA in November 2013 indicated that, 55% of French people were opposed to the decriminalisation of cannabis, while 44% said that the prohibition on cannabis is an abridgment of individual liberty.[31]

In June 2018, an IFOP poll for Terra Nova and Echo Citoyen found that 51% were in favour of a regulated market in cannabis, and 40% were opposed.[34]

At the end of 2018, a poll by the French Observatory of Drugs and Addiction, a government body, found "nearly one in two" were favourable to legalisation with 54% opposed, while more than 9 in 10 were in favour of legalising medical cannabis.[35]

An anonymous internet survey was carried out from 28 September 2021 to 29 March 2022 regarding the opinions of French psychiatrists on the regulatory status of cannabis.[36] Of the 413 French psychiatrists who answered the survey, 253 (61.3%) stated support for the legalisation of recreational cannabis and 349 (84.4%) stated support for the legalisation of medical cannabis.[36]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b McPartland, John M.; Guy, Geoffrey W.; Hegman, William (1 July 2018). "Cannabis is indigenous to Europe and cultivation began during the Copper or Bronze age: a probabilistic synthesis of fossil pollen studies". Vegetation History and Archaeobotany. 27 (4): 635–648. Bibcode:2018VegHA..27..635M. doi:10.1007/s00334-018-0678-7. ISSN 1617-6278.
  2. ^ Pena, Pierre; Lobelius, Matthias (1571). Stirpium adversaria nova, perfacilis vestigatio luculentaque accesio ad priscorum, praesertim Dioscoridis & recentiorum, Materiam medicam: quibus prope diem accedet altera pars. Que coniectaneorum de Plantis appendix, De succis medicatis et metallicis sectio, Antiquae & novatae Medicine lectiorum remedioru[m] thesaurus opulentissimus, De succedaneis libelus continentur. London: Excudebat prelum Thomae Purfoetii ad Lucretiae symbolum. Archived from the original on 8 November 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2025.
  3. ^ Soulier, Henri (1891). Traité de thérapeutique et de pharmacologie (in French). Paris: Savy. p. 621.
  4. ^ a b Crosby, Alfred W. (1965). America, Russia, hemp, and Napoleon: American trade with Russia and the Baltic, 1783-1812. Internet Archive. [Columbus] Ohio State University Press.
  5. ^ Lamarck, JB (1788). "Fécondation (fecundatio)". Encyclopédie Méthodique : Botanique, vol. 2. Paris: Panckoucke. p. 451.
  6. ^ a b Booth, M. (2015). Cannabis: A History. St. Martin's Press. pp. 76–77. ISBN 978-1-250-08219-0.
  7. ^ a b c Guba, David A. (2020). Taming cannabis: drugs and empire in nineteenth-century France. Intoxicating histories. Montreal ; Kingston ; London ; Chicago: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-2280-0119-5.
  8. ^ Earleywine, Mitch (2003). "Highlights in the History of Cannabis". Understanding Marijuana. pp. 3–26. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195138931.003.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-513893-1. p. 14: The use of marijuana also increased in France around this same time. Dr. Jacques Joseph Moreau de Tours began his experiments with cannabis in the late 1830s. His primary work focused on the cognitive effects of the drug, particularly on the parallels between intoxication and mental illness. … Moreau also investigated marijuana as a treatment for depression, as Robert Burton had suggested in 1621. His results were not encouraging
  9. ^ Levinthal, Charles F. (2012). Drugs, Behavior, and Modern Society. Allyn & Bacon. ISBN 978-0-205-03726-1.[page needed]
  10. ^ Mailland, Julien (September 2009). Minitel and the French Internet: Path Dependence?. The 37th Research Conference on Communication, Information and Internet Policy (TPRC). SSRN 1987225.
  11. ^ Pourrez, Aurélie; Crespel, Elodie; Djahanchahi, Stéphane; Galibert, Olivier; Cordelier, Benoît (2020). "Ethical Positions Arising from Research on Online Communities in the Health Sector". Health Research Practices in a Digital Context. pp. 75–92. doi:10.1002/9781119779933.ch5. ISBN 978-1-78630-438-4.
  12. ^ Caballero, Francis (2012). Legalize it !. L'Esprit frappeur. Paris: l'Esprit frappeur. ISBN 978-2-84405-307-7.
  13. ^ Djahanchahi, Stéphane; Galibert, Olivier; Cordelier, Benoit (2021). "Towards an Info-communication Categorization of Expertise in Online Health Communities". Digital Health Communications. pp. 145–173. doi:10.1002/9781119842651.ch7. ISBN 978-1-78630-468-1.
  14. ^ Ann Törnkvist (10 June 2013). "French law on pot-based medicine takes effect". The Local. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
  15. ^ "Cannabis à visée thérapeutique en France : L'ANSM publie la proposition du Comité d'experts sur le cadre de la phase expérimentale de mise à disposition" [Cannabis for therapeutic purposes in France: ANSM publishes the proposal of the Committee of Experts on the framework of the experimental phase of availability]. ANSM (in French). Archived from the original on 14 September 2025. Retrieved 13 September 2025.
  16. ^ "L'expérimentation thérapeutique du cannabis finalement prévue pour «septembre»" [Therapeutic cannabis experiment finally planned for 'September']. Le Parisien (in French). 22 January 2020. Archived from the original on 26 December 2024. Retrieved 13 September 2025.
  17. ^ paul-leboulanger. "Cannabis Thérapeutique : il arrive en France dès cette année !". LeLynx.fr (in French). Archived from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2020.[unreliable source?]
  18. ^ Solé, Éléonore (13 June 2020). "Cannabis thérapeutique : où en est la France ?" [Therapeutic Cannabis: Where Does France Stand?]. Futura (in French). Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
  19. ^ "France extends medical cannabis trial to help patients find alternatives". RFI. 22 December 2024. Retrieved 22 December 2025.
  20. ^ "L'usage de cannabis bientôt puni par une simple contravention" [Cannabis use soon to be punished by a simple fine]. Le Monde (in French). AFP. 25 May 2017. Archived from the original on 21 August 2025. Retrieved 13 September 2025.
  21. ^ "France introduces fixed fine for drug use". The Connexion. 25 November 2018. Archived from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
  22. ^ "France to slash fines for pot smokers amid rise in cannabis use". The Local. 25 January 2018. Archived from the original on 12 October 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
  23. ^ à 00h11, The Connexion (1 September 2020). "France introduces €200 spot fine for drug use from today". connexionfrance.com (in French). Archived from the original on 25 October 2020. Retrieved 2 September 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  24. ^ Brunet, Romain (17 January 2021). "France launches public consultation on legalising cannabis". France 24. Archived from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
  25. ^ "Cannabis: are the French the biggest consumers and the most severely punished in Europe, as Julien Bayou asserts?". California18. 24 August 2021. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
  26. ^ "Meet the robot-taxing, marijuana-legalizing, Jeremy Corbyn of the French left". POLITICO. 23 January 2017. Archived from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
  27. ^ "Yannick Jadot favorable à la "légalisation" du cannabis pour "concentrer" la répression sur les drogues dures". franceinfo. 19 April 2021. Archived from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
  28. ^ Chrisafis, Angelique (4 April 2017). "French presidential election: how the candidates compare". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 14 April 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
  29. ^ "EU top jobs continue to divide leaders". EURACTIV. 21 June 2019. Archived from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
  30. ^ "France has no plans to legalise cannabis for recreational use - minister". Reuters (via Yahoo News). 20 June 2019. Archived from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  31. ^ a b Joignot, Frédéric (26 June 2014). "France, terre de joints" [France, land of joints]. Le Monde (in French).
  32. ^ OEDT (2007), p. 41
  33. ^ "La France, première consommatrice de cannabis d'Europe" [EMCDDA Report: France, Europe's leading cannabis consumer]. 20 Minutes (in French). AFP. 4 June 2015. Archived from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
  34. ^ "Les Français et le cannabis (fr)". Terra Nova. 11 June 2018. Archived from the original on 5 August 2021. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
  35. ^ Agnès Leclair (18 April 2019). "Près d'un Français sur deux est favorable à la légalisation du cannabis (fr)". Le Figaro. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
  36. ^ a b Leclerc, Léa; Fakra, Eric; Pignon, Baptiste; Benyamina, Amine; Gaillard, Raphaël; Rolland, Benjamin (December 2024). "Opinions of French psychiatrists on the regulatory status of cannabis: Results from the "PsyCan – Encéphale" national online survey". L'Encéphale. 50 (6): 597–602. doi:10.1016/j.encep.2023.11.008. PMID 38311481.
allikas: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy