José Antonio Kast

For his son, also a politician, see José Antonio Kast Adriasola.
In this Chilean name, the first or paternal surname is Kast and the second or maternal family name is Rist.

His Excellency
José Antonio Kast
Kast in 2025
38th President of Chile
Incumbent
Assumed office
11 March 2026
Preceded byGabriel Boric
Member of the Chamber of Deputies
In office
11 March 2002 – 11 March 2018
Preceded byPablo Longueira
Succeeded byConstituency abolished
ConstituencyDistrict 30 (2002–2014)
District 24 (2014–2018)
Member of the Buin City Council
In office
6 December 1996 – 6 December 2000
Personal details
BornJosé Antonio Kast Rist
(1966-01-18) 18 January 1966 (age 60)
Santiago, Chile
PartyIndependent (since 2026)
(2016–2019)
Other political
affiliations		PRCh (2019–2026)
UDI (1996–2016)
Spouse
​
(m. 1990)​
Children9, including José Antonio Kast Adriasola
ParentMichael Kast (father)
Relatives
Alma materPontifical Catholic University of Chile (LLB)
OccupationPolitician, lawyer
Signature
WebsiteOfficial website

José Antonio Kast Rist (born 18 January 1966) is a Chilean politician and lawyer who has served as the 38th president of Chile since 2026.[1][2][3][4] He served in the Chamber of Deputies from 2002 to 2018, representing districts in the Santiago Metropolitan Region. Kast was a member of the Independent Democratic Union until 2016, after which he became an independent and later founded the Republican Party in 2019.

Kast ran for president three times: in 2017 as an independent close to far-right,[5] finishing fourth; in 2021, winning the first round but losing the runoff to Gabriel Boric;[6][7] and in 2025, winning the runoff against Communist Party of Chile candidate Jeannette Jara (achieving the highest vote share since Chile's return to democracy and carrying all regions in the process).[8] He resigned from the Republican Party shortly before taking office on 11 March 2026.[9]

Kast was said to have adopted a more pragmatic policy agenda compared with his earlier campaigns.[10][11][12][13][14] In 2026, some analysts have also noted certain technocratic elements in his political agenda. It has been noted that the names chosen for Kast's cabinet do not come from the political world; many have built their careers in the private sector or in think tanks.[15]

Early life and career

José Antonio Kast was born in Santiago into a German family. His parents, Michael Kast Schindele (1924–2014) and Olga Rist Hagspiel (1924–2015), were originally from Bavaria.[16] Historical records indicate his father served as a lieutenant in the German Army during World War II and was a member of the Nazi Party.[16]

Kast's father immigrated to Chile in December 1950, settling in Buin.[17][18][19][20][21] His mother and two siblings followed in 1951.[17] In 1962, the family founded Cecinas Bavaria, a small sausage business that became the foundation of their wealth.[18][19] The couple had ten children, three of whom predeceased their parents.[17]

Several family members entered public life. His brother Miguel Kast (1948–1983) was an economist who held posts under the military regime of Augusto Pinochet, including Minister of Labor and president of the Central Bank of Chile. José Antonio Kast is also the uncle of former deputy Pablo Kast (born 1973), senator Felipe Kast (born 1977), and deputy-elect Tomás Kast (born 1979).[22]

External videos
Kast in an electoral television spot
Then-student José Antonio Kast in a pro-Pinochet television spot during the 1988 Chilean national plebiscite
video icon Link to video on YouTube

Kast studied law at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, where he became involved with the Movimiento Gremialista (Guildist Movement).[17] He ran for president of the university's student federation (FEUC). As a student, he appeared in a campaign ad for the "Yes" vote in the 1988 Chilean national plebiscite, supporting an eight-year extension of Augusto Pinochet's rule.[23][24]

In 1989, before being admitted to practice law, he co-founded Kast, Pinochet, De La Cuadra & Cía., a law firm, and later directed a family-owned real estate company in the 1990s.[25] He taught civil law and commercial law at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile's Institute of Economics.[26]

Parliamentarian career: 2002–2018

Beginnings

During his university years, he was elected to the Superior Council and ran as a candidate for the presidency of the Federation of Students of the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile (FEUC) representing the Guildist Movement. In that election, constitutional lawyer Patricio Zapata, a member of the Christian Democratic University movement, was elected. He also participated in the student council of the School of Law of the PUC, where he met Jaime Guzmán, who encouraged him to join the Independent Democratic Union (UDI).[27]

In 1996, he ran in the municipal elections as a candidate for mayor of Buin, Chile, located south of the Santiago Metropolitan Region. After placing second, he assumed office as municipal councillor, a position he held between 1996 and 2000, during which time he also served as ceremonial mayor.[27]

Deputy for 30th District: 2002–2014

In 2001, he ran as a candidate for Deputy for the 30th District, comprising the communes of Buin, Calera de Tango, Paine, and San Bernardo in the Metropolitan Region, and was elected with the highest vote share for the 2002–2006 legislative term. During this period, he served on the Standing Committees on Education, Culture, Sports and Recreation, and Family, as well as on special committees related to disability benefits and youth affairs.[27]

In 2005, he was re-elected for the same district for the 2006–2010 term. During this period, he participated in several standing and special committees, including Education, Family, Government Affairs, Youth, and an investigative committee on the creation of the criminalistics career.[27]

In 2007, he was elected by his fellow UDI deputies as head of the party's parliamentary caucus in the Chamber of Deputies and was unanimously re-elected in 2008. That same year, he ran for the presidency of the UDI, obtaining 36% of the votes in the party's internal election.[27]

In December 2009, he was re-elected Deputy for the 2010–2014 term. He served on the standing committees on Education, Sports and Recreation, Health, and Economy, Development and Tourism. In 2011, he was again elected head of the UDI parliamentary caucus and, on 30 March 2012, assumed the position of Secretary General of the UDI for a two-year term.[27]

Deputy for 24th District: 2014–2018

After withdrawing his pre-candidacy for the Senate in Santiago East in the 2013 elections, he ran as a candidate for Deputy for 24th District, comprising the communes of La Reina and Peñalolén, and was elected for the 2014–2018 term, succeeding María Angélica Cristi.[27]

In September 2015, he announced his intention to run in a presidential primary within the Chile Vamos coalition. On 31 May 2016, he resigned from the UDI in order to pursue an independent presidential candidacy.[27]

In 2017, after gathering the required number of signatures, he registered his independent candidacy for the presidency of Chile. In the first round of the presidential election, he placed fourth with 7.93% of the vote. Following the first round, he endorsed Sebastián Piñera for the runoff election.[27]

He completed his term as Deputy on 11 March 2018, at which point he held no elected public office.[27]

Presidential campaigns

2017 presidential campaign

On 18 August 2017, Kast registered his independent candidacy with 43,461 signatures.[28] His support came from right-wing, conservative, libertarian, nationalist, and retired military groups.[29][30][31] He campaigned on a platform of "less taxes, less government, pro-life"[32] and anti-illegal immigration measures.[33] His support for the former dictatorship was controversial, especially his proposal to pardon convicts over 80 with age-related illnesses, including those convicted of human rights violations.[32] He received 523,213 votes (7.93%), finishing fourth, outperforming polls that showed only 2–3% support.[34] In the runoff, he supported the eventual winner, Sebastián Piñera. He stated, "[In today's world,] Chileans need God," and proposed making religion teachers available in public schools.[35]

2021 presidential campaign

Second presidential campaign logo in 2021

In 2018, Kast announced his intention to run in the 2021 presidential election.[36] This time he ran under his own Republican Party. He formed the Christian Social Front pact with the Christian Conservative Party. His proposals included pardoning elderly former Pinochet officials, banning abortion, merging the Ministry of Women, withdrawing from the United Nations Human Rights Council, and building more prisons.[21]

In May 2019, Kast founded the think tank Republican Ideas, and in June, he established the Republican Party. He opposed the 2019 protests, calling them acts of violence by "terrorists".[23] As protest approval waned, he gained support from Chileans weary of the unrest.[37]

In the 2020 referendum on a new constitution, he campaigned for "Reject," which received 21.72% of the vote; the change was approved with 78.28%.[38] In the 2021 Chilean Constitutional Convention election, his party formed a joint list, Vamos por Chile, with the center-right coalition Chile Vamos. The list won 20.6% of the vote. Kast's proposed candidate, Teresa Marinovic, won a high percentage of votes, helping several others enter the Convention via the D'Hondt method.[39]

His slogan, "make Chile a great country," drew comparisons to Donald Trump's Make America Great Again,[40] with supporters wearing MAGA apparel at his events.[41][42][43] He skipped the Chile Vamos primary, won by Sebastián Sichel. After the first debate, Kast surpassed Sichel as the leading right-wing candidate. He won the first round with nearly 28% of the vote, advancing to a runoff against Gabriel Boric.[44] He then secured endorsements from most of Chile's right, including President Sebastián Piñera.[37] Internationally, he signed the Madrid Charter, a document authored by Spain's far-right Vox party, alongside figures like Rafael López Aliaga, Javier Milei, and Eduardo Bolsonaro.[45] In late November 2021, he met in Washington, D.C., with Senator Marco Rubio, the Chilean ambassador to the OAS, and American business executives.[21][37][46]

On 18 December, former candidate Franco Parisi endorsed Kast after an internal party consultation.[47][48]

In the 19 December runoff, Kast received 44.13% of the vote, losing to Boric's 55.87%.[49] He conceded and promised "constructive collaboration."[50] He was the first candidate since 1999 to lead the first round but lose the runoff.[51]

2025 presidential campaign

Main article: 2025 Chilean general election
José Antonio Kast during the 2025 presidential campaign.

From March 2022 to December 2024, Kast served as president of the international conservative "Political Network for Values".[52][53] In the 2022 constitutional referendum, the Republican Party backed "Rejection," which won.[54] Unlike the 2020 plebiscite,[55] voting was mandatory.[56]

The party initially opposed creating the Constitutional Council after the "Reject" victory but participated once the process was inevitable.[57]

In the 2023 Constitutional Council election, the right won 34 of 51 seats (23 for Republicans). In the December plebiscite, the party supported the "in favor" option, but "against" won. Kast acknowledged the campaign's failure.[58]

On 29 November 2024, the Republican Party confirmed Kast as its candidate for the 2025 election, running under the Change for Chile coalition.[59] In June 2025, he was endorsed by withdrawn candidate Francesca Muñoz[60] and in August, he officially registered his campaign under the slogan La fuerza del cambio ("The Strength of Change").[61] His campaign focused on institutional renewal, public order, and economic recovery. Campaign pledges included building ditches on the northern border, mass deportations of illegal migrants, and constructing maximum-security prisons.[62]

Kast has made addressing the Venezuelan refugee crisis a central element of his political platform, emphasizing policies such as strict border enforcement and large-scale deportations.[63]

Kast finished second in the first round on 16 November with nearly 24% of the vote, advancing to a runoff against Jeannette Jara.[64] He received endorsements from Johannes Kaiser, Evelyn Matthei, and the Chile Grande y Unido coalition.[65] Kast won the runoff on 14 December with over 58% of the vote, securing victories in all sixteen regions.[66] His vote share was the second-highest since the transition to democracy, and his 7.2 million votes were the highest total in Chilean history.[67]

Presidency (2026–present)

Kast and Pía Adriasola with Gabriel Boric following his election as president, 15 December 2025

Kast was inaugurated as President of Chile on 11 March 2026.[68] He assumed office without an absolute majority in Congress and will need to form coalitions with right-wing and centrist parties.[69] The Senate is evenly divided, and the balance of power in the lower house rests with the populist Party of the People.[70]

Kast has characterized his future administration as an "emergency government", a concept he has used to frame his presidency as one focused on addressing what he describes as urgent national crises—particularly public security, economic stagnation, and irregular migration—while postponing broader ideological or cultural debates.[71] His agenda for 2026 has accordingly been described as pragmatic[72][73][74] and technocratic.[15] On immigration, he has stated that undocumented migrants would be given a period to leave voluntarily before his inauguration, after which those who remain could face deportation or prosecution.[75][76]

In November 2025, Peruvian President José Jerí declared a state of emergency along the southern border with Chile to block an influx of undocumented migrants, primarily Venezuelans. Large numbers of Venezuelans attempted to leave Chile and enter Peru following threats of mass expulsion from Kast.[77]

After his election as president, Kast confirmed his intention to move into the Palacio de La Moneda, the official presidential residence in central Santiago, together with his wife, Pía Adriasola, once he takes office on 11 March 2026. He will be the first president to live in La Moneda since Carlos Ibáñez del Campo in the 1950s.[78][79]

Cabinet

He announced his cabinet on 20 January 2026.[80]

The Kast Cabinet
OfficeNamePartyTerm
PresidentJosé Antonio KastPRCh11 March 2026–
InteriorClaudio AlvaradoUDI11 March 2026–
Foreign AffairsFrancisco Pérez MackennaInd.11 March 2026–
DefenseFernando BarrosInd.11 March 2026–
FinanceJorge QuirozInd.11 March 2026–
Gen. Sec. of the
Presidency		José García RuminotRN11 March 2026–
Gen. Sec. of
Government		Mara SediniInd.11 March 2026–
Economy, Development
& Tourism		Daniel MasInd.11 March 2026–
Social Development
& Family		María Jesús WulfPRCh11 March 2026–
EducationMaría Paz ArzolaInd.11 March 2026–
Justice & Human
Rights		Fernando RabatInd.11 March 2026–
Labor & Social WelfareTomás RauInd.11 March 2026–
Public WorksMartín ArrauPRCh11 March 2026–
HealthMay ChomalíInd.11 March 2026–
Housing &
Urbanism		Iván PodujePRCh11 March 2026–
AgricultureJaime CamposPR11 March 2026–
MiningDaniel MasInd.11 March 2026–
Transport &
Telecommunications		Louis de GrangeInd.11 March 2026–
National AssetsCatalina ParotEvópoli11 March 2026–
EnergyXimena RincónD11 March 2026–
EnvironmentFrancisca ToledoInd.11 March 2026–
Women & Gender
Equality		Judith MarínPSC11 March 2026–
Culture & the
Arts		Francisco UndurragaEvópoli11 March 2026–
Science, Technology,
Knowledge & Innovation		Ximena LincolaoInd.11 March 2026–
Public SecurityTrinidad SteinertInd.11 March 2026–

Foreign relations

Kast with Javier Milei following his election as president, 16 December 2025

Internationally, he has links with other right-wing figures[81][82][83] and received support from Donald Trump.[84]

He participated in the Madrid Forum, meeting Santiago Peña;[85] regularly voices support for Salvadoran President Nayib Bukele's crackdown on gangs, arguing Chile needs "more Bukele";[86][87] admires Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni and drew inspiration from her immigration policy;[87][88] strongly supports Javier Milei,[89][90] Jair Bolsonaro (defending him after his prison sentence)[91][92] and Spain's Vox party and its leader, Santiago Abascal.[93] A staunch supporter of Israel, Kast has accused President Gabriel Boric of antisemitism, labeling his administration's critical stance toward Israel as 'ideological and irresponsible.'[94]

He argues border management is "essential for the preservation of social order" and opposes illegal immigration.[95] His proposal to dig a moat along the Chile-Bolivia border has been compared to U.S. President Donald Trump's support for a wall along the Mexico–United States border.[96][97]

On public security, he argues the State must exercise authority with clarity, supporting a stronger Carabineros de Chile and greater state presence in troubled areas.[98] His assessment of the military government focuses on institutional and economic reforms, avoiding personal labels. He has supported humanitarian considerations for elderly or ill inmates at Punta Peuco Jail, emphasizing that such decisions must follow constitutional and judicial procedure.[99]

Following the 2026 United States strikes in Venezuela, Kast defended the operation, and said that the capture of Nicolás Maduro was "great news for the region".[100][101]

In early February 2026, Kast undertook a visit to Europe, where he participated in political forums and meetings with conservative parties and organizations. During the trip, he attended the VII Transatlantic Summit on freedom of expression held at the European Parliament in Brussels.[102] According to press reports, Kast described the visit as an opportunity to engage in dialogue on issues such as security, immigration, and economic cooperation.[103] During public appearances, he expressed criticism of progressive political agendas, framing his remarks in terms of national sovereignty and cultural identity.[104] The visit did not include official meetings with European Union institutions and formed part of his international engagements ahead of assuming office.[105]

Personal life

Kast's wife, Pía Adriasola

Kast married María Pía Adriasola on 20 December 1990;[106] the couple have nine children.[107] He is a practicing Roman Catholic and a member of the Schoenstatt Movement.[17]

Kast lives with his family in Paine, a suburban commune to the southeast of central Santiago.[79]

Honours

National honours

Awards and recognition

References

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  67. ^ Casse, Sebastián; Borja, Andrino (15 December 2025). "La victoria de Kast en las presidenciales de Chile en ocho gráficos esenciales" [Kast's victory in the Chilean presidential election in eight essential charts.]. El País Chile (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 December 2025.
  68. ^ Wells, Ione (15 December 2025). "Chile elects far-right José Antonio Kast as next president". BBC. Retrieved 17 December 2025.
  69. ^ Rogero, Tiago (14 December 2025). "Ultra-conservative José Antonio Kast elected Chile's next president". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 17 December 2025.
  70. ^ "Chile elects Kast as president, deepening regional shift to law-and-order politics". CNN. 14 December 2025. Retrieved 17 December 2025.
  71. ^ "En qué consiste el "gobierno de emergencia" de Kast". El Dínamo (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 December 2025.
  72. ^ Yáñez, Nelly (15 June 2025). "La metamorfosis de Kast" [The metamorphosis of Kast] (in Spanish). La Tercera. Retrieved 15 August 2025.
  73. ^ "El «aylwinista»: José Antonio Kast destaca a Patricio Aylwin porque «tuvo que llevar adelante la transición y tomar lo que venía de un gobierno autoritario»" [The "Aylwin supporter": José Antonio Kast praises Patricio Aylwin because "he had to lead the transition and deal with what came from an authoritarian government."] (in Spanish). El Mostrador. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2025.
  74. ^ Cristina Romero, María (26 November 2025). "Ex autoridades del Partido Radical se suman a apoyos a Kast para el balotaje" [Former officials of the Radical Party join those supporting Kast in the runoff election.]. El Mercurio (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 November 2025.
  75. ^ Laborde, Antonia (28 November 2025). "Kast amenaza a los inmigrantes irregulares: "Quedan 103 días para que salgan voluntariamente de Chile"". El País Chile (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 December 2025.
  76. ^ "Kast endurece discurso migratorio y da ultimátum de 102 días a extranjeros irregulares". Diario UChile.
  77. ^ "Peru's president to declare border state of emergency to prevent entry of undocumented migrants". Reuters. 28 November 2025.
  78. ^ Viurcos, Por Sebastian Huerta (14 December 2025). "¿Podrá José Antonio Kast ser el primer presidente de Chile en vivir en La Moneda desde 1958?". Publimetro Chile (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 December 2025.
  79. ^ a b 24horas. "José Antonio Kast vivirá en el Palacio de La Moneda: no pasaba desde 1958". www.24horas.cl (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 December 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  80. ^ Montes, Rocío (21 January 2026). "Chile's president-elect Kast unveils Cabinet: Few party members, business allies and drug tests". EL PAÍS English. Retrieved 22 January 2026.
  81. ^ Academic sources describing Kast and his party, the Republican Party, as right (derecha in Spanish) are:
  82. ^ "Chilean presidential candidate Kast says he is not 'far right'". Reuters. 12 November 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
  83. ^ Jaureguy, Martina (15 December 2025). "Right-wing leaders worldwide celebrate Kast's victory in Chile". Buenos Aires Herald. Retrieved 16 December 2025.
  84. ^ Chilevisión. ""Estoy deseando felicitarlo": Trump celebra triunfo de Kast y afirma que apoyó su candidatura – Chilevisión". www.chilevision.cl (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 December 2025.
  85. ^ S.A.P, El Mercurio (12 June 2025). "Kast viaja a Paraguay: Se reúne con el Presidente Santiago Peña y participará en Foro de Madrid". El Mercurio (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 December 2025.
  86. ^ Siddiqui, Usaid. "Who is Jose Antonio Kast, Chile's newly elected far-right leader?". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 16 December 2025.
  87. ^ a b Franco, Juan David Mosos (14 December 2025). "¿Quién es José Antonio Kast, el primer pinochetista en llegar al poder en el Chile democrático? – EFE". EFE Noticias (in European Spanish). Retrieved 16 December 2025.
  88. ^ Castro, Maolis (15 September 2025). "José Antonio Kast se reúne con Giorgia Meloni para inspirarse en su política migratoria". El País Chile (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 December 2025.
  89. ^ González, Alberto (18 November 2025). "Kast revela "telefonazo" de Milei y resalta que relación con Argentina tiene "enormes oportunidades"". BioBioChile – La Red de Prensa Más Grande de Chile (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 December 2025.
  90. ^ Maza, Jesús (16 December 2025). "Kast se reunirá con Javier Milei este martes en Argentina: su primer viaje como presidente electo de Chile". larepublica.pe (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 December 2025.
  91. ^ ""Le deseo todo el éxito": José Antonio Kast envió su apoyo a Jair Bolsonaro". 30 September 2022.
  92. ^ Malinowski, Matthew (12 September 2025). "José Antonio Kast defiende a Bolsonaro tras condena de 27 años de cárcel". Bloomberg Línea (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 December 2025.
  93. ^ Rubio, Ricardo (17 November 2025). "The Spanish Connection in Kast's Life: Secret Alliances, Big Names, and His Battle Against Abortion". RUSSPAIN.COM. Retrieved 16 December 2025.
  94. ^ Holcman, Tobias (15 December 2025). "Pro-Israel candidate Kast, son of Nazi official, wins Chilean presidential elections". The Jerusalem Post.
  95. ^ "Kast aseguró que su propuesta de construir una zanja en la frontera "es factible y bastante económica"". 12 October 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
  96. ^ "Far-right legislator to meet left-wing activist in Chile's runoff". Al Jazeera. 22 November 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
  97. ^ "Chile far-right candidate rides anti-migrant wave in presidential poll". The Guardian. 21 October 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
  98. ^ "Kast por crisis migratoria: "Hay que cerrar las fronteras para que la gente solo entre por pasos habilitados"". 3 October 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
  99. ^ "José Antonio Kast: "Indulto a Fujimori es un ejemplo de cómo avanzar en justicia"". 25 December 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2025.
  100. ^ "Kast califica la detención de Maduro como "una gran noticia para la región"". Diario y Radio Universidad Chile (in Spanish). 3 January 2026. Retrieved 3 January 2026.
  101. ^ Córdova, Nicolás Lara (3 January 2026). ""This is great news": Chilean President José Antonio Kast reacts to the capture of Nicolás Maduro by the United States". AS USA. Retrieved 3 January 2026.
  102. ^ "Kast to participate in freedom of expression summit at European Parliament". Political Network for Values. 26 January 2026. Retrieved 3 February 2026.
  103. ^ "Kast inicia su gira por Europa y espera generar vínculos en seguridad, inmigración y emprendimiento". La Tercera (in Spanish). 2 February 2026. Retrieved 3 February 2026.
  104. ^ "Presidente electo de Chile viaja a Europa para participar en foro conservador". SWI swissinfo.ch (in Spanish). 3 February 2026. Retrieved 3 February 2026.
  105. ^ "Kast inicia su primera gira a Europa como presidente electo". El País (in Spanish). 3 February 2026. Retrieved 3 February 2026.
  106. ^ 24horas. ""Martes de pololeo": la historia de amor de José Antonio Kast y María Pía Adriasola". www.24horas.cl (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 December 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  107. ^ "Un día con Pía Adriasola, esposa de J.A. Kast: "Dios me compensó por tener menos marido con 9 hijos"" (in Spanish). El Dínamo. 4 August 2017. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
  108. ^ "Rafael López Aliaga se reunió con José Antonio Kast, excandidato presidencial de Chile". Perú 21. 4 October 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
allikas: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Kast