Charles John Huffam Dickens (February 7, 1812 - June 9, 1870) was a British novelist of the Victorian era. The popularity of his books during his lifetime and in present days is demonstrated by the fact that none of his novels has ever gone out of print.

Charles was born in Portsmouth, England, to John Dickens, a naval pay clerk, and his wife Elizabeth Barrow. When Charles was five, the family moved to Chatham, Kent. When he was ten, the family relocated to Camden Town in London.

He received some education at a private school but when his father was imprisoned for debt, Charles wound up working 10-hours a day in a London boot-blacking factory located near to the present day Charing Cross railway station, when he was twelve. Resentment of his situation and the conditions working-class people lived under became major themes of his works. Dickens wrote, "No advice, no counsel, no encouragement, no consolation, no support from anyone that I can call to mind, so help me God!"

Dickens became a journalist, reporting parliamentary debate and travelling Britain by stagecoach to cover election campaigns. His journalism informed his first collection of pieces Sketches by Boz. Most of his novels first appeared in serialized form. In his early twenties he made a name for himself with his first novel The Pickwick Papers.

On the 9th of April 1965 Dickens, while returning from France, was involved in the Staplehurst train crash in which the first six carriages of the train plunged off a bridge being repaired. The only first-class carriage to remain on the track was the one Dickens was in. Dickens spent some time tending the wounded and dieing before rescuers arrived but before finally leaving he remembered the unfinished manuscript for Our Mutual Friend and he returned to his carriage to retrieve it.

Dickens managed to avoid appearance at the inquiry into the crash as it would have become known that he was travelling that day with Ellen Ternan and her mother, which could have caused a scandal. Ellen had been Dickens' companion since the break up of his marriage and she was implicated in that break-up.

Although unharmed he never really recovered from the crash, which is most evident in the fact that his normal prolific writing shrank to completing Our Mutual Friend and starting the unfinished The Mystery of Edwin Drood. Much of his time was taken up with public readings from his best loved novels. The shows were incredibly popular and on December 2, 1867 Dickens gave his first public reading in the United States at a New York City theatre. The effort and passion he put into these readings with individual character voices is also thought to have contributed to his death.

Exactly 5 years to the day after the Staplehurst crash June 9, 1870 he died. He was buried in the Poets' Corner of Westminster Abbey. The inscription on his tomb reads: "He was a sympathiser to the poor, the suffering, and the oppressed; and by his death, one of England's greatest writers is lost to the world."

In the 1980s the historic Eastgate House in Rochester, Kent was converted into a Charles Dickens museum, and an annual Dickens Festival is held in the city.

Among his best known works are Great Expectations, David Copperfield, Oliver Twist, Nicholas Nickleby, and A Christmas Carol. David Copperfield is argued by some to be his best novel — it is certainly his most autobiographical. However Little Dorrit, a masterpiece of acerbic satire masquerading as a rags-to-riches story, is on a par with the very best of Jonathan Swift and should not be overlooked.

Dickens' novels were, among other things, works of social commentary. He was a fierce critic of the poverty and social stratification of Victorian society although he dedicated Martin Chuzzlewit to the philanthropist Angela Burdett-Coutts.

Dickens was fascinated by the theatre as an escape from the world, and theatres and theatrical people appear in Nicholas Nickleby. Dickens himself had a flourishing career as a performer, reading scenes from his works. He travelled widely in Britain and America on stage tours.

Dickens' writing style is florid and poetic, with a strong comic touch. His satires of British aristocratic snobbery — he calls one character the "Noble Refrigerator" — are wickedly funny. Some of his characters are grotesques; he loved the style of 18th century gothic romance though it had already become a bit of a joke (see Jane Austen's Northanger Abbey for a parodic example).

Much of Dickens's writing seems sentimental today, like the death of Little Nell in The Old Curiosity Shop. Even where the leading characters are sentimental, as in Bleak House, the many other colorful characters and events, the satire and subplots, reward the reader.

Throughout his works, Dickens retained an empathy for the common man and a scepticism for the fine folk.

At least 180 movies and telefilms have been based on Dickens' works.

Like several of his contemporaries, some of his works in today's context, are perceived as being marred by anti-Semitism. For example, the character Fagin in Oliver Twist is depicted as a stereotypical Jew, with passages describing his hooked nose and greedy eyes. Dickens, it should be remembered, lived in a time which preceded the Holocaust, and it can be argued that he was writing for dramatic effect: Fagin, when all is said and done, is a caricature, one of the great pantomime villains of fiction.

Dickens had few dealings with flesh and blood Jews until 1860 when he sold his home, Tavistock House to a Mr. Davis, a Jewish banker. His journal entries are initially deprecatory; the subsequent conduct of the banker and the ease with which the transaction was effected caused him to rethink and revise his whole position in this area.

Dickens' response to the (mild) criticism of Fagin emanating from the Mrs Davis (the wife of the self-same banker), writing in the Jewish Chronicle, is revealing:

"Fagin, in Oliver Twist, is a Jew, because it unfortunately was true of the time to which the story refers, that that class of criminal almost invariably was a Jew ... and secondly, that he is called 'the Jew' not because of his religion but because of his race."

It should be noted that in an 1867 revision of the text, most of the Jewish references were excised. Fagin should also be balanced against the sympathetic portrayal of the Jew Riah in Our Mutual Friend, his last complete novel. It has been argued by some that this represents a process of change in Dickens' approach to issues relating to ethnicity.

Mrs. Davis was pleased with Dickens' creation of a good Jew and sent him a copy of a new translation of the Hebrew Bible. Dickens was gratitude personified in his response, asserting:

"There is nothing but good will left between me and a People for whom I have a real regard and to whom I would not wilfully have given an offence or done an injustice for any worldly consideration. Believe me, Very faithfully yours, Charles Dickens."

• Sketches by Boz (1836)
• The Pickwick Papers (1836)
• Oliver Twist (1837-1839)
• Nicholas Nickleby (1838-1839)
• The Old Curiosity Shop (1840-1841)
• Barnaby Rudge (1841)
• American Notes (1842)
• A Christmas Carol (1843)
• Martin Chuzzlewit (1843-1844)
• Dombey and Son (1846-1848)
• David Copperfield (1849-1850)
• A Child's History of England (1851-1853)
• Bleak House (1852-1853)
• Hard Times (1854)
• Little Dorrit (1855-1857)
• A Tale of Two Cities (July 11,1859)
• Great Expectations (1860-1861)
• Our Mutual Friend (1864-1865)
• The Mystery of Edwin Drood (unfinished) (1870)

• A Dickens web page with both original content and links to many other Dickens pages.
• Another site devoted to Dickens
• A genealogical tree of the Dickens family
• Dickens Literature - Chapter-indexed, searchable versions of Dickens' works.
• The Signatures of Charles Dickens
• Charles Dickens easy to read HTML format of Dickens books.
• Dickens Museum Situated in a former Dickens House, 48 Doughty St., London, W.C.1.