The term Tachibana is a Japanese surname which means "wild orange". It may refer to:

• Tachibana clan (kuge) (橘氏) - a clan of kuge (court nobles) prominent in the Nara and Heian periods (710–1185)
• Tachibana clan (samurai) (立花氏) - a clan of daimyō (feudal lords) prominent in the Muromachi, Sengoku and Edo periods (1333–1868)
  • Tachibana Dōsetsu (立花 道雪, 1513–1585), a Japanese samurai of the Sengoku period
  • Tachibana Ginchiyo (立花 誾千代, 1569–1602), head of the Tachibana clan during the Sengoku Period, daughter of Tachibana Dōsetsu
  • Tachibana Muneshige (立花 宗茂, 1567–1642), a samurai during the Azuchi–Momoyama period, adopted son of Tachibana Dōsetsu
• Keita Tachibana (橘 慶太, born 1985), lead singer of the J-pop boy band w-inds.
• Yoshio Tachibana (立花 芳夫, 1890–1946), a lieutenant general in the Japanese Imperial Army, convicted of war crimes and executed in 1946

• Sukuya Tachibana, a character in the tokusatsu television show Kamen Rider Blade

• Ryoki Tachibana, a character in the shōjo manga Hot Gimmick
• An and Kippei Tachibana, characters in the shōnen manga The Prince of Tennis
• Asuka Tachibana, a character in the anime TV series s-CRY-ed
• Ryohei Tachibana, a character in the OVA anime Sky Girls
• Shito Tachibana, a character in the manga Zombie-Loan
• Several characters in the comedy manga Atashin'chi
• Wataru Tachibana, a character in the manga series Hayate The Combat Butler
• Tachibana General Labs, an information technology corporation in Serial Experiments Lain
• Hideo Tachibana, a character from the shōnen manga H2
• Kanade Tachibana, a character from the anime series Angel Beats!
• Rina Tachibana (立花 利奈, Tachibana Rina), a character from the manga and anime series Mushi-Uta
• Himeko Tachibana (立花 姫子, Tachibana Himeko), a character from the anime series K-On!
• Junichi Tachibana (橘 純一), a character from the dating sim and anime Amagami SS

• Several characters in the Fatal Frame video game series
• Maria Tachibana, a character in the media franchise Sakura Wars
• Ukyo Tachibana, a character in the Samurai Shodown (series) video game series
• Tomoe Tachibana, a character in the Trauma Team videogame

• Tachibana class destroyer, a class Japanese warships during World War II
• Tachibana, Fukuoka, a town in Fukuoka Prefecture
• Tachibana castle, a castle which formerly stood atop Tachibana Mountain