Creating page for "Internet GIS", a subset of "Distributed GIS." |
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Revision as of 07:18, 14 September 2022
Internet GIS, or Internet Geographic Information Systems, is a term that refers to a broad set of technologies and applications that employ the internet to access, analyze, visualize, and distribute spatial data.[1][2][3] Internet GIS is an outgrowth of traditional Geographic Information Systems or GIS, and represents a paradigm shift from conducting GIS on an individual computer to working with remotely distributed data and functions.[1] Internet GIS is a subset of Distributed GIS, but specifically uses the internet rather than generic computer networks. Internet GIS applications are often, but not exclusively, conducted through the World Wide Web, giving rise to the sub-branch of WebGIS, often used interchangeably with Internet GIS.[1][4][5][6][7] While WebGIS is has become nearly synonymous with Internet GIS, the two are as distinct as the internet is from the World Wide Web.[1][4][5][6][7] Likewise, Internet GIS is as distinct from Distributed GIS as distributed computer networks are from the internet.
History
The history of Internet Geographic Information Systems is linked to the history of the computer, the internet, and the quantitative revolution in geography. Geography tends to adapt technologies from other disciplines rather then innovating and inventing the technologies employed to conduct geographic studies.[8] The computer and internet are not an exception, and were rapidly investigated to purpose towards the needs of geographers. In 1959, Waldo Tobler published the first paper detailing the use of computers in map creation.[9] This was the beginning of computer cartography, or the use of computers to create maps.[10][11] In 1960, the first true Geographic Information System capable of storing, analyzing, changing, and creating visualizations with spatial data was created by Roger Tomlinson on behalf of the Canadian Government to manage natural resources.[12][13] These technologies represented a paradigm shift in cartography and geography, with desktop computer cartography facilitated through GIS rapidly replaced traditional ways of making maps.[8] The emergence of GIS and computer technology contributed to the quantitative revolution in geography and the emergence of the branch of technical geography.[14][15]
Computer technology progressed as computer technology advanced and the desktop machine became the default for the production of maps. These computers were networked together to share data and processing power, and create redundant communications for defense applications.[7] This computer network evolved into the internet, and by the late 1980s the internet was available in some people's homes.[7] Over time, the internet moved from a novelty to a major part of daily life. Using the internet, it was no longer necessary to store all data for a project locally, and communications were vastly improved. Following this trend, GIScientists began developing methods for combining the internet and GIS. This process accelerated in the 1990s, with the first major web mapping program capable of distributed map creation appearing in 1993.[16][1][7] This software, named PARC Map Viewer, was unique in that it facilitated dynamic user map generation, rather than static images.[16] This software also allowed for users to employ GIS without having it locally installed on their machine.[4][16] The US federal government made the TIGER Mapping Service available to the public in 1995, which facilitated desktop and Web GIS by hosting US boundary data.[4] In 1996, MapQuest became available to the public, facilitating navigation and trip planning.[4]
In 1997, Esri began to focus on their desktop GIS software, which in 2000 became ArcGIS.[17] This lead to Esri dominating the GIS industry for the next several years.[7] In 2000 Esri launched the Geography Network, which offered some web GIS functions. In 2014, ArcGIS Online replaced this, and offers significant WebGIS functions including hosting, manipulating, and visualizing data in dynamic applications.[5][4][7]
WebGIS
The World Wide Web is an information system that uses the internet to host, share, and distribute documents, images, and other data.[18] WebGIS involves using the World Wide Web to facilitate GIS tasks traditionally done on a desktop computer, as well as enabling the sharing of maps and spatial data. Most, but not all, internet GIS is WebGIS.[5][4]
Geospatial web services
Geospatial web services are distinct software packages available on the World Wide Web that can be employed to perform a function with spatial data.[3]
Web feature services
Web feature services allow users to access, edit, and make use of hosted geospatial feature datasets.[3]
Web processing services
Web processing services allow users to perform GIS calculations on spatial data.[3] Web processing services standardize inputs, and outputs, for spatial data within an internet GIS and may have standardized algorithms for spatial statistics.
Web mapping
Web mapping involves using distributed tools to create and host both static and dynamic maps.[1][3][5][4] It is different than desktop digital cartography in that the data, software, or both might not be stored locally and are often distributed across many computers. Web mapping allows for the rapid distribution of spatial visualizations without the need for printing.[8] They also facilitates rapid updating to reflect new datasets and allow for interactive datasets that would be impossible in print media. Web mapping was employed extensively during the COVID-19 pandemic to visualize the datasets in close to real-time.[19][20][21]
Catalog Service and Services-Oriented Architecture
Geospatial Semantic Web
The Geospatial Semantic Web or Semantic Geospatial Web is a vision to include geospatial information at the core of the Semantic Web to facilitate information retrieval and information integration.[22] This vision requires the definition of geospatial ontologies, semantic gazetteers, and shared technical vocabularies to describe geographic phenomena.[23] The Semantic Geospatial Web is part of geographic information science.[3]
Mobile GIS
Cell phones and other wireless communication forms have become common in society.[1][4][5] Many of these devices are connected to the internet and can access internet GIS applications like any other computer.[4][5] Unlike traditional computers, however, these devices generate immense amounts of spatial data available to the device user and many governments and private entities.[4][5] The tools, applications, and hardware used to facilitate GIS through the use of wireless technology is mobile GIS. Used by the holder of the device, mobile GIS enables navigation applications like Google Maps to help the user navigate to a location.[4][5] When used by private firms, the location data collected can help businesses understand foot traffic in an area to optimize business practices.[4][5] Governments can use this data to monitor citizens. Access to locational data by third parties has led to privacy concerns.[4][5]
Criticism
By their definition, maps can never be perfect and are simplifications of reality. Ethical cartographers try to keep these inaccuracies documented and to a minimum. Internet GIS has brought map-making tools to the general public, facilitating the rapidly disseminating these maps. While this is potentially positive, it also means that people without cartographic training can easily make and disseminate misleading maps to a wide audience.[8][24][21] Further, malicious actors can quickly spread intentionally misleading spatial information while hiding the source.[24]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g Zhong-Ren, Peng; Ming-Hsiang, Tsou (2003). Internet GIS: Distributed Information Services for the Internet and Wireless Networks (1 ed.). John Wiley and Sons Inc. ISBN 0-471-35923-8.
- ^ Moretz, David (2008). Encyclopedia of GIS : Internet GIS. Boston, MA: Springer. pp. 591–596. ISBN 978-0-387-35973-1.
- ^ a b c d e f Zhang, Chuanrong; Zhao, Tian; Li, Weidong (2015). Geospatial Semantic Web. Springer International Publishing : Imprint: Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-17801-1.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Fu, Pinde; Sun, Jiulin (2011). Web GIS: Principals and Applications (1 ed.). ESRI Press. ISBN 978-1-58948-245-6.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Fu, Pinde (2018). Getting to Know Web GIS (3 ed.). ESRI Press.
- ^ a b Hojaty, Majid. "What is the Difference Between Web GIS and Internet GIS?". GIS Lounge. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g Peterson, Michael (2014). Mapping in the Cloud (1 ed.). New York, NY: The Guiford Press. ISBN 978-1-4625-1041-2.
- ^ a b c d Monmonier, Mark (1985). Technological Transition in Cartography (1 ed.). Univ of Wisconsin. ISBN 0299100707.
- ^ Tobler, Waldo (1959). "Automation and Cartography". Geographical Review. 49 (4): 526–534. doi:10.2307/212211. JSTOR 212211. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
- ^ Clark, Keith (1995). Analytic and Computer Cartography. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0133419002.
- ^ Monmonier, Mark (1982). Computer-Assisted Cartography: Principles and Prospects 1st Edition (1 ed.). Pearson College Div. ISBN 9780131653085.
- ^ "History of GIS | Early History and the Future of GIS - Esri". www.esri.com. Retrieved 2020-05-02.
- ^ "Roger Tomlinson". UCGIS. 21 February 2014. Archived from the original on 17 December 2015. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
- ^ Haidu, Ionel (2016). "What is Technical Geography – a letter from the editor". Geographia Technica. 11: 1–5. doi:10.21163/GT_2016.111.01.
- ^ Ormeling, Ferjan (2009). Technical Geography Core concepts in the mapping sciences. p. 482. ISBN 978-1-84826-960-6.
- ^ a b c Putz, Steve (November 1994). "Interactive information services using World-Wide Web hypertext". Computer Networks and ISDN Systems. 27 (2): 273–280. doi:10.1016/0169-7552(94)90141-4. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
- ^ Maguire, David J (May 2000). "Esri's New ArcGIS Product Family". ArcNews (Esri).
- ^ "What is the difference between the Web and the Internet?". W3C Help and FAQ. W3C. 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
- ^ Dong, Ensheng; Du, Hongru (2020). "An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 20 (5): 533–534. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30120-1. Retrieved 12 September 2022.
- ^ Everts, Jonathan (2020). "The dashboard pandemic". Dialogues in Human Geography. 10 (2): 260–264. doi:10.1177/2043820620935355. Retrieved 12 September 2022.
- ^ a b Adams, Aaron; Chen, Xiang; Li, Weidong; Zhang, Chuanrong (2020). "The disguised pandemic: the importance of data normalization in COVID-19 web mapping". Public Health. 183: 36–37. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2020.04.034. Retrieved 12 September 2022.
- ^ Egenhofer, Max J. (2002-01-01). Toward the Semantic Geospatial Web. GIS '02. New York, NY, USA: ACM. pp. 1–4. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.6.1992. doi:10.1145/585147.585148. ISBN 978-1-58113-591-6.
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ignored (help) - ^ Janowicz, Krzysztof; Scheider, Simon; Adams, Benjamin (2013-01-01). Rudolph, Sebastian; Gottlob, Georg; Horrocks, Ian; et al. (eds.). A Geo-semantics Flyby. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 230–250. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-39784-4_6. ISBN 978-3-642-39783-7.
- ^ a b Monmonier, Mark (10 April 2018). How to lie with maps (3 ed.). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226435923.
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