Karpov (masculine, Russian: Карпов) or Karpova (feminine, Russian: Карпова) is a Russian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

• Aleksandr Karpov (1917–1944), Soviet ace, double Hero of the Soviet Union
• Andriy Karpov (born 1987), Ukrainian motorcyclist
• Anatoly Karpov (born 1951), Russian chess grandmaster, Undisputed World Chess Champion 1975–85, and FIDE World Chess Champion 1993–99
• Dmitriy Karpov (born 1981), Kazakhstani athlete, husband of Irina
• Elena Karpova (born 1980), Russian basketball player
• Irina Karpova (born 1980), Kazakhstani athlete, wife of Dmitriy
• Lev Iakovlevich Karpov (1879–1921), Russian Chemist and Bolshevik revolutionary
• Sergey Karpov (born 1948), Russian historian
• Valeri Karpov (born 1971), Soviet ice hockey player
• Vladimir Karpov (1922–2010), Soviet soldier and writer
• Vladimir Karpov (politician) (1948–2015), Russian politician

• 90414 Karpov, a main-belt asteroid
• Maryamah Karpov, the fourth series of Andrea Hirata's tetralogy Laskar Pelangi