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The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Vedic and Classical Sanskrit and Pali pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA, and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

See shiksha for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Sanskrit.

Key

Consonants
IPA[1] Nagari[1] IAST[1] [2] English approximation
b ब b about
bʱ भ bh clubhouse
ɕ श ś sheep, pronounced more forward, toward the teeth (palatalized)
d द d width
dʱ ध dh redhead (but dental)
dʑ ज j juice, pronounced more forward, toward the teeth (palatalized)
dʑʱ झ jh hedgehog
ɖ ड ḍ American bird
ɖʱ ढ ḍh American birdhouse
ɡ ग g again
ɡʱ घ gh loghouse
ɦ ह h ahead
j य y yak
k क k skin
kʰ ख kh kin
l ल l leaf
m म m much
n न n tenth
ɲ ञ ñ canyon[3]
ɳ ण ṇ American burn[3]
ŋ ङ ṅ sting[3]
p प p span
pʰ फ ph pan
r[4] र r Indian roti
s स s soup
ʂ ष ṣ American worship
t त t stable
tʰ थ th table (but dental)
ʈ ट ṭ stable
ʈʰ ठ ṭh table
tɕ च c riches, pronounced more forward, toward the teeth (palatalized)
tɕʰ छ ch chew
ʋ व v between wine and vine
Vowels[3][5]
IPA Nagari IAST[2] English approximation
ɐ अ, प a comma
aː आ, पा ā bra
i इ, पि i sit
iː ई, पी ī feet
u उ, पु u full
uː ऊ, पू ū fool
eː ए, पे e Scottish wait
ɐːi̯[6] ऐ, पै ai hi
oː ओ, पो o story
ɐːu̯[7] औ, पौ au how
Syllabic Consonants
r̩[8] ऋ, पृ ṛ Possibly like bird
r̩ː[9] ॠ, पॄ ṝ longer ṛ
l̩[10] ऌ, पॢ ḷ bottle
Vowel Diacritics
◌̃ ँ ◌̃/m̐ nasal vowel [ɐ̃], [ãː], [õː], etc.)[3]
h ः[11] ḥ head


Suprasegmentals
IPA Nagari IAST[2] English equivalent
ˈ◌ stress[12]
(placed before stressed syllable)

Notes

  1. ^ a b c Devanagari consonant letters such as क have the inherent vowel अ a. Thus, क is pronounced ka, even without any vowel sign added. But the IPA and IAST shown here have the consonant k only and do not include the vowel 'a'.
  2. ^ a b c Comparison of IAST with ISO 15919 transliteration.
  3. ^ a b c d e Vowels may occur nasalised as an allophone of the nasal consonants in certain positions: see anusvara and chandrabindu.
  4. ^ /r/ may be phonetically realised as [ɽ], [ɾ] or [ɾ̪] in Classical Sanskrit.
  5. ^ Sanskrit distinguishes between long and short vowels. Each monophthong has a long and short phoneme. The diphthongs, historically /əi, aːi, əu, aːu/, also have a difference in quality: [e, ei, o, ou]. Rarely, vowels may be extra-long.
  6. ^ [ai], [ɐi] or [ɛi] in Classical Sanskrit.
  7. ^ [au], [ɐu] or [ɔu] in Classical Sanskrit.
  8. ^ [ɻĭ] or [ɾɪ] for most modern speakers. [rŭ] for southern speakers.
  9. ^ [ri] or [ɽiː] for most modern speakers. [ru] for southern speakers.
  10. ^ [lrĭ] for most modern speakers. [lĭ] in Bengali and Maithili regions.
  11. ^ Visarga, added after a vowel.
  12. ^ In Classical Sanskrit, stress was predictable by syllable weight: counting from the end of a word, the second-last was stressed if heavy (having a long vowel or a coda consonant); if it was light, the third-last was stressed if heavy; otherwise, stress fell on the fourth-last syllable. Vedic Sanskrit, in contrast, possessed an unpredictable pitch accent.

References

See also

Allikas: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit
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