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The Hadoxt nask is the sixth nask (volume) of the Sasanian Avesta.[1] The work is no longer extant, but the Hadoxt nask 1 and 2 fragments as well as possibly other parts of the extant Avesta are considered to have been part of this nask.[2]
Sources
The nask itself is no longer extant. Some information on its content are given in Book 8 of the Denkard, a 9th-10th century compendium of Zoroastrianism.[3] In addition, the Rivayats, a series of epistles from the 15th - 17th century, give a short overview on the content of the Hadoxt nask.[4]
Name
The name of the Hadoxt nask is derived from an Avestan adjective haδaoxta, with the meaning of recited with[1] or together with that which is spoken.[2] Jean Kellens has for instance opined that this nask originally contained texts which complemented other texts, in particular, the texts of the Stot yasht.[1]
In the Sasanian Avesta
The Sasanian Avesta was organized into 21 nasks, i.e., volumes, which were grouped into 3 divisions; the Gāhānīg (Gathic nasks), Hada Mānsrīg (manthras connected with the ritual), and Dādīg (legal nasks).[5] Within this scheme, the Hadoxt nask was considered to be part of the Gāhānīg nasks, dealing with the contents of the Gathas. It consisted of either 133 or 134 chapters.[6] Edward William West estimates, that the Hadoxt nask consisted of ca. 8.400 words of Avestan text accompanied by ca. 17.400 words of commentary in Pahlavi.[7]
In the extant Avesta
Although not being related to the content described in the Denkard, the Hadoxt nask 1 and Hadoxt nask 2 fragments are considered to have formed the first three fragrads of the Hadoxt nask.[8][9] Hadoxt 1 is a commentary on the Ashem Vohu manthra and may have originally been the first chapter. Hadoxt 2 provides a discussion of the fate of the soul after death.[10] The Hadoxt fragments have been edited by West and Haug in 1872 as an appendix to the Book of Arda Viraf.[11] A more recent edition was provided by Piras with a translation into Italian.[12]
Based on the description given in the Denkard and the Rivayats, different authors have tried to identify other surviving Avestan texts which may been belongend to the Hadoxt nask. The so called Fshusho manthra (Y. 58) was considered, e.g., by James Darmesteter to be a part of the nask.[13] Karl Friedrich Geldner, however, exlcuded it but considered the Srosh Yasht (Yt. 11) and the Afrinagan i Gasanoar (A. 3) to be part of the nask.[14]
References
Citations
- ^ a b c Kellens 2002.
- ^ a b Reichelt 1911, p. 178.
- ^ Gignoux 1994.
- ^ Dhabhar 1932.
- ^ Kellens 1987, "The Sasanian collection of the Avesta and its commentary (zand) is described in chap. 8 of the Dēnkard; it was probably composed of three books of seven chapters [...]".
- ^ Kellens 2002, "It is said to have consisted of 3 divisions containing 133 sections, the first one containing 13 sections, the second 102, the third 19 (which actually makes 134 sections)".
- ^ West 1892, chap. Introduction.
- ^ Shapira 1998, p. 37: "[T]he contents of the Hadoxt Nask as summarized in the Denkard reveal no closeness to the Hadoxt Nask known to us from the three extant fragards [...]".
- ^ Reichelt 1911, p. 178: "The Hadoxt Nask is a mere fragment, consisting of three not consecutive sections, which were probably in the original Nask, described in Denkart VIII, XLV. i.".
- ^ Reichelt 1911, p. 178: "The first section on the value of reciting the Ashem Vohu-formula may possibly be the first section of the Nask. But the contents of the second and third section on the fate of the soul after death do not agree with the description of the Nask.".
- ^ Asa 1872.
- ^ Piras 2000.
- ^ Darmesteter 1893, pp. 646-647.
- ^ Geldner 1896, p. 20.
Bibliography
- Asa, Hoshangji Jamaspji (1872). Haug, Martin; West, Edward William West (eds.). The Book Of Arda Viraf: The Pahlavi Text Prepared By Destur Hoshangji Jamaspji Asa - Revised and Collated with Further Mss., with an English Translation and Introduction, and an Appendix Containing the Texts and Translations of the Gosht-I Fryano, and Hadokht-Nask (PDF). Bombay, London. ISBN 978-1160017596.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Darmesteter, James (1893). Le Zend-Avesta. Paris.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Dhabhar, Bamanji Nasarvanji (1932). The Persian Rivayats of Hormazyar Framarz and Others. Their Version with Introduction and Notes. Bombay.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Geldner, Karl Friedrich (1896). "Awestalitteratur". In Geiger, Wilhelm; Kuhn, Ernst (eds.). Grundriss der iranischen Philologie (in German). Vol. II. Strassburg: Karl J. Trübner.
- Gignoux, Philippe (1994). "DĒNKARD". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. VII. New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul. pp. 284–289.
- Kellens, Jean (1987). "AVESTA i. Survey of the history and contents of the book". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. III. New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul. pp. 35–44.
- Kellens, Jean (2002). "HĀDŌXT NASK". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. XI. New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul. pp. 457–458.
- Piras, Andrea (2000). Hadoxt Nask. Il racconto zoroastriano della sorte dell'anima (in Italian). Roma: ISIAO. ISBN 978-8863231021.
- Reichelt, Hans (1911). Avesta Reader: Texts, notes, glossary and index (PDF). Straßburg: Verlag Von Karl Trübner. ISBN 978-3111257068.
- Shapira, Dan (1998). Studies in Zoroastrian Exegesis - Zand (PhD thesis). Jerusalem.
- Sanjana, Peshotan Behramji; Sanjana, Darab Peshotan (1926). The Dinkard: The original Pahlavi text. Bombay: Jamsedji Jijibhai Translation Fund.
- West, Edward William (1892). Müller, Friedrich Max (ed.). Pahlavi Texts IV: Contents of the Nasks. The Sacred Books of the East. Vol. 37. Oxford university press. ISBN 1-139-41083-0.
External links
Zoroastrian literature | |
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| extant Avesta | |
| Sasanian Avesta | |
| Middle Persian/Pahlavi | |
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