HLA-A24 (A24) is a human leukocyte antigen serotype within HLA-A serotype group. The serotype is determined by the antibody recognition of α24 subset of HLA-A α-chains. For A24, the alpha, "A", chain are encoded by the HLA-A*24 allele group and the β-chain are encoded by B2M locus.[1] This group currently is dominated by A*2402. A24 and A*24 are almost synonymous in meaning. A24 is a split antigen of the broad antigen HLA-A9 and it is a sister serotype of HLA-A23.
A*2402 has one of the highest "A" frequencies identified for a number of peoples, including Papua New Guineans, Indigenous Taiwanese (Eastern Tribals), Yupik and Greenland [Aleuts]. It is common over much of Southeastern Asia. In Eurasia it is least common in Ireland, and A24 is relatively uncommon in Africa except North Africa and Kenya.
Serotype
| A*24 | A24 | A9 | Sample |
| allele | % | % | size (N) |
| *2402 | 97 | 3098 | |
| *2403 | 55 | 4 | 282 |
There are over 90 known A*24 alleles, 69 code for different isoforms and 7 are nulls. A*2403 can also be detected as A2403 serotype.
Associated disease
A24 has a secondary risk factor for myasthenia gravis,[3] Buerger's disease.[4] It is also associated with Type 1 Diabetes (T1D)[5][6] and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)[7].
Alleles
A*2402 is a secondary risk factor,[9] alters type 1 diabetes risk,[10][11] and allele associated with thymoma-induced myasthenia gravis.
Haplotypes
| freq | Rank in | |||
| ref. | Population | (%) | Pop. | |
| [12] | Java (Indonesia) | 8.0 | 1 | 4 |
| [12] | S. Amer. Native | 6.3 | 1 | 3 |
| [12] | N. Amer. Native | 5.4 | 1 | 5 |
| [12] | Mexican | 4.7 | 1 | |
| [12] | Inuit | 4.2 | 1 | |
| [12] | Brazilian | 3.8 | 1 | |
| [12] | Austria | 3.5 | 1 | |
| [12] | Portuguese | 3.1 | 1 | 3 |
| [12] | Yakut | 2.9 | 1 | |
| [12] | Mongolian | 2.7 | 1 | |
| [12] | Timor | 2.5 | 1 | 5 |
| [12] | Bharghavas (India) | 2.4 | 1 | |
| [12] | Greek | 2.3 | 1 | |
| [12] | Italian | 2.2 | 1 | |
| [12] | Mongolian | 1.9 | 1 | |
| [12] | Vietnamese | 1.8 | 1 | |
| [12] | Japanese | 1.6 | 2 | |
| [12] | French | 1.2 | 2 | |
| 1 Cw4. 2 Cw9. | ||||
A24-Cw7-B39
A24-Cw10-B60
A24-Cw10-B61
A24-B48
A24-Cw4-B35
This particular haplotype is common across a fairly wide region, possibly the most widely spread A-Cw-B haplotype in humans. Cw4-B35 has a node within the region once referred to as Thracia/Dacia.
A24-Cw*14-B51
| freq | ||
| ref. | Population | (%) |
| [12] | Korean | 3.5 |
| [12] | Iyers | 3.4 |
| [12] | Mongolian | 2.9 |
| [12] | Japanese | 2.6 |
| [12] | Romanian | 2.2 |
| [12] | Greek | 2.1 |
| [12] | Hungarian | 2.0 |
| [12] | Italian | 0.6 |
References
- ^ Arce-Gomez B, Jones EA, Barnstable CJ, Solomon E, Bodmer WF (February 1978). "The genetic control of HLA-A and B antigens in somatic cell hybrids: requirement for beta2 microglobulin". Tissue Antigens. 11 (2): 96–112. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0039.1978.tb01233.x. PMID 77067.
- ^ Allele Query Form IMGT/HLA - European Bioinformatics Institute
- ^ Machens A, Löliger C, Pichlmeier U, Emskötter T, Busch C, Izbicki JR (June 1999). "Correlation of thymic pathology with HLA in myasthenia gravis". Clinical Immunology. 91 (3): 296–301. doi:10.1006/clim.1999.4710. PMID 10370374.
- ^ Numano F, Sasazuki T, Koyama T, Shimokado K, Takeda Y, Nishimura Y, Mutoh M (1986). "HLA in Buerger's disease". Experimental and Clinical Immunogenetics. 3 (4): 195–200. PMID 3274054.
- ^ Adamashvili I, McVie R, Gelder F, Gautreaux M, Jaramillo J, Roggero T, McDonald J (July 1997). "Soluble HLA class I antigens in patients with type I diabetes and their family members". Human Immunology. 55 (2): 176–83. doi:10.1016/S0198-8859(97)00096-7. PMID 9361970.
- ^ Kronenberg D, Knight RR, Estorninho M, Ellis RJ, Kester MG, de Ru A, Eichmann M, Huang GC, Powrie J, Dayan CM, Skowera A, van Veelen PA, Peakman M (July 2012). "Circulating preproinsulin signal peptide-specific CD8 T cells restricted by the susceptibility molecule HLA-A24 are expanded at onset of type 1 diabetes and kill β-cells". Diabetes. 61 (7): 1752–9. doi:10.2337/db11-1520. PMC 3379678. PMID 22522618.
- ^ Adamashvili I, Wolf R, Aultman D, Milford EL, Jaffe S, Hall V, Pressly T, Minagar A, Kelley R (November 2003). "Soluble HLA-I (s-HLA-I) synthesis in systemic lupus erythematosus". Rheumatology International. 23 (6): 294–300. doi:10.1007/s00296-003-0306-3. PMID 12879264.
- ^ Middleton, D.; Menchaca, L.; Rood, H.; Komerofsky, R. (2003). "New allele frequency database: http://www.allelefrequencies.net". Tissue Antigens. 61 (5): 403–407. doi:10.1034/j.1399-0039.2003.00062.x. PMID 12753660.
- ^ de Juan MD, Reta A, Belzunegui J, Figueroa M, Maruri N, Cuadrado E (February 2004). "HLA-A*2402 and a microsatellite (D6S248) are secondary independent susceptibility markers to ankylosing spondylitis in Basque patients". Human Immunology. 65 (2): 175–80. doi:10.1016/j.humimm.2003.11.006. PMID 14969772.
- ^ Noble JA, Valdes AM, Bugawan TL, Apple RJ, Thomson G, Erlich HA (August 2002). "The HLA class I A locus affects susceptibility to type 1 diabetes". Human Immunology. 63 (8): 657–64. doi:10.1016/S0198-8859(02)00421-4. PMC 4049513. PMID 12121673.
- ^ Nakanishi K, Inoko H (June 2006). "Combination of HLA-A24, -DQA1*03, and -DR9 contributes to acute-onset and early complete beta-cell destruction in type 1 diabetes: longitudinal study of residual beta-cell function". Diabetes. 55 (6): 1862–8. doi:10.2337/db05-1049. PMID 16731854.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Sasazuki, Takehiko; Tsuji, Kimiyoshi; Aizawa, Miki (1992). HLA 1991: proceedings of the eleventh International Histocompatibility Workshop and Conference, held in Yokohama, Japan, 6-13 November, 1991. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-262390-4.
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