Colonization is the process of establishing a colony.

Colonization or colonisation may also refer to:

• In the United States, before the Civil War, the philosophy or policy of sending African Americans to Africa, supported by the American Colonization Society and origin of Liberia
• Colonisation (biology), the process in biology by which a species spreads to new areas
• Space colonization, the human migration to other bodies in the Solar System
• Colonization (series), a trilogy of books by Harry Turtledove
• Sid Meier's Colonization, a computer game released by Microprose in 1994
• Civilization IV: Colonization, a 2008 remake of the 1994 game