Äädikakärbes ehk puuviljakärbes (Drosophila) on kõdukärblaste sugukonda ning kahetiivaliste seltsi kuuluv perekond.
Sellesse perekonda kuulub üks kõige põhjalikumalt uuritud putukaid, geneetika mudelobjekt harilik äädikakärbes (Drosophila melanogaster).
Harilikud puuviljakärbsed (koos rukki- ja puuvillaseemnetega) olid esimesed Maa elusolendid, kes saadeti 20. veebruaril 1947 Maa orbiidile. Eksperiment viidi läbi ameeriklaste poolt sakslastelt konfiskeeritud V2-raketiga.[1][2] Konteiner elusate ja tervete putukatega naasis langevarjuga Maale. Katse mõte oli uurida kosmilise kiirguse mõju elusorganismidele.[2]
Sõna "Drosophila" pärineb ladina keeles a-sufiksi lõpuga moodustatud terminist, mis tuleneb vanakreekakeelsetest sõnadest δρόσος, drósos, "kaste(piisk)" ja φίλος, phílos, "armas". Tõlge võiks olla "kastepiiskade armastaja".
Eesti liigid
Eestis elab 16 liiki äädikakärbseid.
Klassifikatsioon
Äädikakärbse perekonnas on üle 1500 liigi.[3]:
Liikide loetelu (osaline)
- Drosophila abjuncta Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila acrostichalis Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila acutilabella Stalker, 1953
- Drosophila adiastola Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila adventitia Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila agitona Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila aglaia Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila alabamensis Sturtevant, 1918
- Drosophila albifacies Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila aldrichi Patterson & Crow, 1940
- Drosophila algonquin Sturtevant & Dobzhansky, 1936
- Drosophila amydrospilota Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila ananassae Doleschall, 1858
- Drosophila ancyla Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila anomalipes Grimshaw
- Drosophila anthrax Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila apicipuncta Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila apicisetae Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila apodasta Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila apoxyloma Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila aquila Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila araiotrichia Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila artigena Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila asketostoma Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila attenuata Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila azteca Sturtevant & Dobzhansky, 1936
- Drosophila badia Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila baja Mettler, 1963
- Drosophila balioptera Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila basdeni Wheeler, 1957
- Drosophila basimacula Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila basisetosa Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila beardsleyi Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila bicondyla Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila bifurca Patterson & Wheeler, 1942
- Drosophila bimaculata Loew, 1866
- Drosophila bipolita Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila biseriata Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila bizonata Kikkawa & Peng
- Drosophila boletina Duda, 1927
- Drosophila borealis Patterson, 1952
- Drosophila bostrycha Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila brevicarinata Patterson & Wheeler, 1942
- Drosophila brevicilia Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila brevissima Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila brevitarsus Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila bridwellius Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila bromeliae Sturtevant, 1921
- Drosophila brooksi Pipkin
- Drosophila brunneifrons Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila brunneisetae Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila busckii Coquillett, 1901
- Drosophila caccabata Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila californica Sturtevant, 1923
- Drosophila canapalpa Patterson & Mainland, 1944
- Drosophila canipolita Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila canuta Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila capitata Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila carbonaria Patterson & Wheeler, 1942
- Drosophila cardini Sturtevant, 1916
- Drosophila carnosa Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila carsoni Wheeler, 1957
- Drosophila casteeli Pipkin, 1961
- Drosophila chaetopeza Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila chagrinensis Stalker & Spencer, 1939
- Drosophila ciliaticrus Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila cilifemorata Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila cinerea Patterson & Wheeler, 1942
- Drosophila clavata Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila clavitibia Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila clydonia Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila cnecopleura Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila colorata Walker, 1849
- Drosophila comatifemora Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila conformis Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila confutata Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila conjectura Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila conspicua Grimshaw
- Drosophila contorta Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila cracens Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila crassifemur Grimshaw
- Drosophila crucigeraur Grimshaw
- Drosophila curticilia Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila curvitibia Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila dasycnemia Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila deflecta Malloch & Mcatee, 1924
- Drosophila deltaneuron Bryan
- Drosophila demipolita Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila denotata Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila desertorum Wasserman, 1962
- Drosophila diffusa Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila diminuens Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila disjuncta Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila dissita Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila disticha Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila distinguenda Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila dobzhanskii Patterson, 1943
- Drosophila dolomata Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila dorsigera Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila dorsociliata Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila dracaenae Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila dumalis Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila duncani Sturtevant, 1918
- Drosophila elliptica Sturtevant, 1942
- Drosophila engyochracea Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila enoplotarsus Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila erecta Tsacas & Lachaise, 1974
- Drosophila eremophila Wasserman, 1962
- Drosophila eumecothrix Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila euronotus Patterson & Ward, 1952
- Drosophila eurypeza Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila expansa Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila falleni Wheeler, 1960
- Drosophila fasciculisetae Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila fastigata Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila felix Dobzhansky, 1976
- Drosophila flavibasis Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila flaviceps Grimshaw
- Drosophila flavisternum Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila flavomontana Patterson, 1952
- Drosophila flavopinicola Wheeler, 1954
- Drosophila flexa Loew, 1865
- Drosophila floricola Sturtevant, 1942
- Drosophila fragilis Wheeler, 1949
- Drosophila freycinetiae Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila fulvalineata Patterson & Wheeler, 1942
- Drosophila fundita Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila funebris (Fabricius, 1787)
- Drosophila fungicola Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila furva Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila furvifacies Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila fuscifrons Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila fuscoamoeba Bryan
- Drosophila fuscoapex Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila fusticula Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila gilvilateralis Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila grimshawi Oldenberg
- Drosophila grisea Patterson & Wheeler, 1942
- Drosophila guttifera Walker, 1849
- Drosophila hamatofila Patterson & Wheeler, 1942
- Drosophila hawaiiensis Grimshaw
- Drosophila hexachaetae Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila hexastigma Patterson & Mainland, 1944
- Drosophila hirticoxa Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila hirtitarsus Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila hirtitbia Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila humeralis Grimshaw
- Drosophila hydei Sturtevant, 1921
- Drosophila hydeoides Patterson & Wheeler, 1942
- Drosophila iki Bryan
- Drosophila illusiopolita Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila imitator Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila immigrans Sturtevant, 1921
- Drosophila imparisetae Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila improcera Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila incognita Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila incompleta Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila inedita Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila infuscata Grimshaw
- Drosophila innubila Spencer, 1943
- Drosophila insignita Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila intermedia Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila involuta Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila iroquois Sturtevant & Dobzhansky, 1936
- Drosophila ischnotrix Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila joycei Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila kauluai Bryan
- Drosophila kikkawai Burla
- Drosophila krassi Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila lacicola Patterson, 1944
- Drosophila laciniosa Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila lanaiensis Grimshaw
- Drosophila larifuga Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila latifasciaeformis Duda, 1940
- Drosophila latigena Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila lemniscata Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila leonis Patterson & Wheeler, 1942
- Drosophila limpiensis Mainland, 1941
- Drosophila lonchoptera Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila longala Patterson & Wheeler, 1942
- Drosophila longicornis Patterson & Wheeler, 1942
- Drosophila lowei Heed, Crumpacker & Ehrma, 1968
- Drosophila luteola Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila lutzii Sturtevant, 1916
- Drosophila macrochaetae Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila macropolia Patterson & Mainland, 1944
- Drosophila macroptera Patterson & Wheeler, 1942
- Drosophila macrospina Stalker & Spencer, 1939
- Drosophila magnabadia Patterson & Mainland, 1943
- Drosophila magnafumosa Stalker & Spencer, 1939
- Drosophila magnaquinaria Wheeler, 1954
- Drosophila magnimacula Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila magnipalpa Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila mahican Sturtevant & Dobzhansky, 1936
- Drosophila mainlandi Patterson, 1943
- Drosophila mathisi Vilela, 1983
- Drosophila mauritiana Tsacas & David, 1974
- Drosophila mecocnemia Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila mediana Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila megasticta Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila melanderi Sturtevant, 1916
- Drosophila melanica Sturtevant, 1916
- Drosophila melanissima Sturtevant, 1916
- Drosophila melanogaster Meigen, 1830 – harilik äädikakärbes
- Drosophila melanoloma Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila melanopedis Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila melanosoma Grimshaw
- Drosophila melanura Miller, 1944
- Drosophila mercatorum Patterson & Wheeler, 1942
- Drosophila meridiana Patterson & Wheeler, 1942
- Drosophila mettleri Heed, 1977
- Drosophila micromelanica Patterson, 1941
- Drosophila mimica Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila mimiconformis Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila mimiconfutata Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila miranda Dobzhansky, 1935
- Drosophila mitchelli Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila mojavensis Patterson
- Drosophila molokaiensis Grimshaw
- Drosophila montana Stone, Griffen & Patter, 1942
- Drosophila mulleri Sturtevant, 1921
- Drosophila munda Spencer, 1942
- Drosophila musae Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila musaphilia Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila mycetophila Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila nanella Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila narragansett Sturtevant & Dobzhansky, 1936
- Drosophila nasalis Grimshaw
- Drosophila nebulosa Sturtevant, 1916
- Drosophila neglecta Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila neorepleta Patterson & Wheeler, 1942
- Drosophila neutralis Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila nigella Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila nigra Grimshaw
- Drosophila nigripalpus Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila nigritarsus Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila nigrocirrus Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila nigrohalterata Duda, 1925
- Drosophila nigrohydei Patterson & Wheeler, 1942
- Drosophila nigromelanica Patterson & Wheeler, 1942
- Drosophila nigropolita Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila nigrospiracula Patterson & Wheeler, 1942
- Drosophila novitskii Sulerud & Miller, 1966
- Drosophila occidentalis Spencer, 1942
- Drosophila ochracea Grimshaw
- Drosophila ohiensis Spencer, 1940
- Drosophila olaae Grimshaw
- Drosophila orbospiracula Patterson & Wheeler, 1942
- Drosophila ordinaria Coquillett, 1904
- Drosophila oreas Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila orena Tsacas & David, 1978
- Drosophila orestes Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila pachea Patterson & Wheeler, 1942
- Drosophila pachuca Wasserman, 1962
- Drosophila palustris Spencer, 1942
- Drosophila parva Grimshaw
- Drosophila paucipuncta Grimshaw
- Drosophila paucula Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila pectinitarsus Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila pegasa Wasserman, 1962
- Drosophila peniculipedis Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila peninsularis Patterson & Wheeler, 1942
- Drosophila percnosoma Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila perissopoda Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila persimilis Dobzhansky & Epling, 1944
- Drosophila petalopeza Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila picticornis Grimshaw
- Drosophila pictiventris Duda, 1925
- Drosophila pilimana Grimshaw
- Drosophila pinicola Sturtevant, 1942
- Drosophila plumosa Grimshaw
- Drosophila polita Grimshaw
- Drosophila polliciforma Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila pollinospadix Patterson & Mainalnd, 1944
- Drosophila polychaeta Patterson & Wheeler, 1942
- Drosophila ponderosa Patterson & Mainland, 1943
- Drosophila populi Wheeler & Throckmorton, 1961
- Drosophila praesutilis Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila pretiosa Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila proceriseta Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila prodita Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila projectans Sturtevant, 1916
- Drosophila prolaticilia Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila prolixa Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila prominens Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila propachuca Wasserman, 1962
- Drosophila propiofacies Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila pseudoobscura Frolova & Astaurov, 1929
- Drosophila punalau Bryan
- Drosophila putrida Sturtevant, 1916
- Drosophila pychnochaetae Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila quadrisetae Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila quasianomalipes Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila quasiexpansa Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila quinaria Loew, 1866
- Drosophila racemova Patterson & Mainland, 1944
- Drosophila recens Wheeler, 1960
- Drosophila reducta Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila redunca Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila rellima Wheeler, 1960
- Drosophila repleta Wollaston, 1858
- Drosophila residua Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila retrusa Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila rioensis Patterson, 1943
- Drosophila ritae Patterson & Wheeler, 1942
- Drosophila robusta Sturtevant, 1916
- Drosophila rubidifrons Patterson & Mainland, 1944
- Drosophila rubrifrons Patterson & Wheeler, 1942
- Drosophila ruburra Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila rustica Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila sabroskyi Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila sadleria Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila santomea Lachaise & Harry, 2000
- Drosophila scolostoma Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila sechellia Tsacas & Bächli, 1981
- Drosophila seclusa Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila semifuscata Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila seminole Sturtevant & Dobzhansky, 1936
- Drosophila seorsa Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila septuosa Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila setapex Patterson & Mainland, 1944
- Drosophila setiger Grimshaw
- Drosophila setipalpus Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila sharpi Grimshaw
- Drosophila sigmoides Loew, 1872
- Drosophila simulans Sturtevant, 1919
- Drosophila sordidapex Grimshaw
- Drosophila spectabilis Grimshaw
- Drosophila spenceri Patterson, 1943
- Drosophila spicula Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila stalkeri Wheeler, 1954
- Drosophila stenoptera Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila subfunebris Stalker & Spencer, 1939
- Drosophila suboccidentalis Spencer, 1942
- Drosophila subpalustris Spencer, 1942
- Drosophila subsigmoides Patterson & Mainland, 1944
- Drosophila subviridis Patterson & Mainland, 1943
- Drosophila sucinea Patterson & Mainland, 1944
- Drosophila suffusca Spencer, 1943
- Drosophila suzukii, Matsumura, 1931
- Drosophila swezeyi Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila taeniata Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila tamashiroi Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila taractica Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila tarphytrichia Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila teissieri Tsacas, 1971
- Drosophila tendomentum Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila tenebrosa Spencer, 1943
- Drosophila tenuipes (Walker, 1849)
- Drosophila testacea Roser, 1840
- Drosophila tetraspilota Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila texana Patterson, 1940
- Drosophila thoracis Williston, 1896
- Drosophila tira Wasserman, 1962
- Drosophila torula Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila totonigra Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila tranquilla Spencer, 1943
- Drosophila transfuga Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila trichaetosa Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila tripunctata Loew, 1862
- Drosophila trispina Wheeler, 1949
- Drosophila truncipenna Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila undulata Grimshaw
- Drosophila unicula Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila unipucntata (Patterson, 1943)
- Drosophila varga Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila variabilis Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila varipennis (Grimshaw)
- Drosophila velata Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila velutinifrons Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila venusta Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila vicaria Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila victoria Sturtevant, 1942
- Drosophila villitibia Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila villosipedis Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila vinnula Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila virilis Sturtevant, 1916
- Drosophila wheeleri Patterson & Alexander, 1952
- Drosophila williamsi Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila willistoni Sturtevant, 1916
- Drosophila xanthognoma Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila xanthosoma Grimshaw
- Drosophila xuthoptera Hardy, 1965
- Drosophila yakuba Burla, 1954
- Drosophila z-notata Bryan
Viited
- ↑ "QI C seeria 4. episood - Cheating". BBC. 14. oktoober 2005.
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 Nate Barksdale (29. aprill 2015). "What was the first animal in space?". History.
- ↑ "Drosophile veebiversioon (vaadatud 02.10.2013) (prantsuse keeles)". Originaali arhiivikoopia seisuga 30.04.2013. Vaadatud 2.10.2013.
Välislingid
- Piret Pappel. TEADUSFOTO: Spermatosoidide sõda. Mõne liigi puhul vägagi vihane, Novaator 1. oktoober 2013, veebiversioon (vaadatud 2.10.2013)
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