Thadou people, also called Thadou Kukis, are the Thadou language-speaking Kuki people inhabiting Northeast India, Burma, and Bangladesh. "Thadou" is also the name of a particular clan among the Thadou Kukis. Other clans of Thadou Kukis include Haokip, Kipgen, Doungel, Hangshing, Mangvung etc.[2][3][4]

Identity

The issues of identity with reference to "Thadou" are complex, since Thadou is the name of a clan (originating from an ancestor called Thadou), and also the name of a language spoken by other clans unrelated to Thadou and some clans "senior" to Thadou.[5] There is a tendency to refer to all Thadou language-speakers as "Thadous", as if they form a tribe called "Thadou". But this is resented by some of the other clans.[6] There is nothing to suggest that the entirety of Thadou language-speakers ever organised themselves as a tribe. The Gazeetteer of Manipur (1886) noted that the Kukis, in particular the Thadou Kukis, were organised in terms of clans rather than tribes.[7]

Prior to the arrival of the British, the Manipuris referred to the Thadou Kukis as "Khongjais".[8] The British replaced this term with "Kukis", which was accepted by Thadou Kukis without reservation, even though the term applied equally to all Kuki-Chin language-speaking people (now referred to as Kuki-Zo people). After the departure of the British, tribes such as the Paites and Zous as well as the "Old Kukis" disowned the "Kuki" label, calling it a "colonial imposition". As a result, Thadou Kukis remained the only people continuing the use of "Kuki", almost turning it into a tribe identity. This has been pointed out as a misappropriation of the term, since the "Kuki" label belongs to all the Kuki-Zo people, not only the Thadou Kukis.[9] The Kuki National Organisation leaders proposed "Khochungte" as an alternative label for the Thadou Kuki identity, which has however not come into common use.[10]

Many Thadou language-speakers simply refer to themselves as "Kukis". Some also refer to their language as "Kuki" instead of "Thadou".[11] The correct terminology remains a matter of continuing debate.[12]

Distribution

According to the 2011 census of India, there are 229,340 Thadou language-speakers in the country. The vast majority of them (97.6%) are in the state of Manipur.[13] Within Manipur, the Thadou Kukis make up the largest single tribal group, forming about 19% of all its Scheduled Tribes.[14] There are also significant numbers of Thadou-speakers in Meghalaya and Assam.[13]

In addition, many Thadou language-speakers are also believed to list their language as "Kuki" in the census.[15] The 2011 census lists 83,968 "Kuki" language-speakers, who are mostly distributed in the states of Nagaland, Manipur and Assam.[16]

Clans

The Gazetteer of Manipur (1886) listed the following clans of Kukis:

  • Thado [Thadou]
  • Vungson
  • Changsen
  • Shingsol [Singson]
  • Mangvung
  • Khlangam
  • Chungloe [Changloi]
  • Changput
  • Haukib [Haokip]
  • Simmte [Simte]
  • Kamhau

Of these, Simte is now recognised as a separate tribe, and Kamhau is recognised as a clan or sub-clan of Tedim Chins. The remaining clans are part of Thadou Kukis.

William Shaw's Notes on Thadou Kukis (1929) lists these prominent clans: Shitlhous (Sitlhous) as being predominant in the northwest hills of Manipur (main base at Jampi), Dongngels (Doungels) predominant in the northeast hills, Haokips distributed on all sides of the Manipur hills but mostly on the northeast, Kipgens being mainly to the west of Imphal Valley, Shingsons (Singsons) being to the southwest of the Imphal Valley, and Chonglois, Hangshings and Phohils mixed in with other clans throughout the hills.[17]

References

  1. ^ Census of India, Language (2018), pp. 40, 48.
  2. ^ Shaw, Notes on the Thadou Kukis (1929).
  3. ^ Seilen Haokip, What Price, Twenty Years of Peace (2012), p. 95.
  4. ^ Ngamkhohao Haokip, Politics of Tribe Identity (2012).
  5. ^ Seikhogin Haokip, Genesis of Kuki Autonomy Movement (2012), pp.54–55: "The recognition of Thadou as a Scheduled Tribe in 1956 came to be regarded as an usurpation of tradition by various Thadou speaking groups of clans like Lenthang, Lunkim, Changsan, Thangeo, Doungel, etc. who are senior to Thadou in genealogical lineage.".
  6. ^ Seilen Haokip, What Price, Twenty Years of Peace (2012), pp. 92–93.
  7. ^ Dun, Gazetteer of Manipur (1886), p. 32: 'The word "clan" is undoubtedly the best to apply to the Kuki subdivisions. It is evident from the genealogies of their chiefs, which have been preserved from the earlier times, that each clan has simply called itself after the name of its chief, and the process may be observed going on at the present day.'.
  8. ^ Michael Haokip, Kuki-Naga Conflict (2007), note 2: "Thadou Kukis were also known as Khongsai [Khongjai] in the past.".
  9. ^ Seilen Haokip, What Price, Twenty Years of Peace (2012), p. 95: subsection Concerning Kuki.
  10. ^ Seilen Haokip, What Price, Twenty Years of Peace (2012), p. 92.
  11. ^ Seikhogin Haokip, Genesis of Kuki Autonomy Movement (2012), pp.54–55: 'In opposition to the naming of the dialect in question as “Thadou language”, a translation of the Bible in vernacular by T. Lunkim was published in 1971 and named as “Kuki Holy Bible".'.
  12. ^ Seilen Haokip, What Price, Twenty Years of Peace (2012), pp. 94–95.
  13. ^ a b Census of India, Language (2018), p. 48.
  14. ^ Michaud, Jean; Swain, Margaret Byrne; Barkataki-Ruscheweyh, Meenaxi (2016), Historical Dictionary of the Peoples of the Southeast Asian Massif (2nd ed.), Rowman & Littlefield, p. 244, ISBN 9781442272798
  15. ^ Ngamkhohao Haokip, Politics of Tribe Identity (2012), pp. 67–68.
  16. ^ Census of India, Language (2018), p. 40.
  17. ^ Shaw, Notes on the Thadou Kukis (1929), p. 11.

Bibliography

Allikas: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thado
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