Salpeter may refer to:

• 11757 Salpeter, a minor planet found in 1960 by a team from Palomar Observatory
• Bethe–Salpeter equation, describes two-particle quantum field binding, derived by Hans Bethe and Edwin Salpeter
• Salpeter process, a process of nuclear fusion mathematically defined by Edwin Salpeter
• Salpeter initial mass function, an early and influential model for the distribution of the masses of stars upon formation

• Edwin Ernest Salpeter (1924–2008), US astrophysicist
• Greta Salpeter (born 1988), US musician
• Lonah Chemtai Salpeter (born 1988), Kenyan-born Israeli Olympic runner
• Miriam Salpeter (1929—2000). US neurobiologist, wife of Edwin Ernest Salpeter

• Saltpeter (disambiguation)
• Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, a teaching hospital in Paris, France