Pólya (Hungarian for "swaddling clothes") is a surname. People with the surname include:

• Eugen Alexander Pólya (1876–1944), Hungarian surgeon, elder brother of George Pólya
  • Reichel-Polya Operation, a type of partial gastrectomy developed by Eugen Pólya and Friedrich Paul Reichel
• George Pólya (1887–1985), Hungarian mathematician
  • Pólya Prize (LMS), awarded by the London Mathematical Society
  • Pólya Prize (SIAM), awarded by the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
  • Pólya Award, awarded by the Mathematical Association of America (MAA)
  • Pólya enumeration theorem
  • Pólya conjecture
  • Hilbert–Pólya conjecture
  • Pólya–Szegő inequality
  • Multivariate Pólya distribution
  • The Pólya–Vinogradov inequality
• Tibor Pólya [hu] (1886–1937), Hungarian graphic artist

• polyA, characteristic terminal sequence of mRNA