Lydia Rabinowitsch-Kempner (22 August 1871 – 3 August 1935) was a Jewish bacteriologist, suffragette, and physician, known for her research on the pathogenesis of tuberculosis.^[1] In 1904, she identified the bacterium tubercle bacilli in raw milk.^[2] Her work was crucial to the development of Freund adjuvant. In 1912, she became the first woman to be granted professorship in Berlin^[3][4][2] Eventually, Rabinowitsch became the director of the Moabit Hospital.^[2]

Lydia Rabinowitsch was born at Kovno, Russian Empire (now Kaunas, Lithuania). She was educated at the girls' gymnasium in Kovno, privately in Latin and Greek. Since she was women and Jewish, she was unable to get a higher education in Russia. Subsequently, she left to study the natural sciences at University of Zurich and obtained a doctorate at the University of Bern in 1894.^[2][5][1]

After graduation she went to Berlin, where Professor Robert Koch permitted her to pursue her bacteriological studies at the Robert Koch Institute for Infectious Diseases, becoming his only female apprentice albeit unpaid.^[1]

In 1895, she went to Philadelphia, where she was appointed lecturer, and eventually, a professor at the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania.^[6] In April 1898, she returned to Berlin. She married bacteriologist Walter Kempner.(1869-1920)^[7][8]

After the discovery a species, Trypanosome Lewisi, in 1877, she identified the different stages of the parasite.^[1]

In 1896, she delivered before the International Congress of Women a lecture on the study of medicine by women in various countries in Berlin. At the congress of scientists held at Breslau in 1904 she presided over the section for hygiene and bacteriology.^[5]

In 1902, she went to Odessa to study the plague. Subsequently, Dr. Rabinowitsch studied African trypanosomiasis in East Africa alongside Robert Koch.^[1] In 1904, she uncovered in raw milk the bacterium, tubercle bacilli, which Robert Koch had previously attempted but failed in the past.^[2]

Once she returned to Berlin, Rabinowitsch received a position as a research assistant at the Pathology Institute at the Charité Hospital focusing on tuberculosis. From 1914, to 1933, she was the editor of Zeischrift Fur Tuberkulose.^[1]

In 1912, she was granted professorship, the first woman to receive the title.^[1] In 1912, Kaiser Wilhelm honoured her, but this led to an anti-semitic backlash in the press and she was denied employment.^[8][2]

Dr. Rabinowitsch’s research focused around the transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis by dairy products; her work led to the development of Freund adjuvant.^[9] She worked with Pasteur Institute authorities to solve the BCG vaccine crisis after accidental contamination in Lubock led to patients being infected with tuberculosis.^[1]

Eventually, Rabinowitsch became director at the Bacteriological Institute of Moabit Hospital, the second most important hospital in Berlin. In 1933, she was forced out due to the boycott of Jewish institutions after the rise of Nazism, which saw many Jewish doctors dismissed and forbidden to return.^[1][10]

Their first son was the jurist Robert Kempner (1899-1993). Their younger son, Dr Walter Kempner Jr. (1903-1997), was also a medical doctor. He was known for his rice diet.^[11] Her own daughter, Nadja Kempner, died from tuberculosis in 1932.

She died August 3, 1935 in Berlin, aged 64, from undisclosed causes.

• Anna Plothow. Der Weltspiegel, October 27, 1904
• Deutsche Hausfrauenzeitung, July 1897, by Isidore Singer & Regina Neisser
• Beiträge zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der Fruchtkörper einiger Gastromyceten, L Rabinowitsch, 1894^[12]

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) [1]
• Renaud; Freney, Francois; Jean (2011). Pioneers of Bacteriology. Eska Publishing. p. 179