A deep state^[1] is a type of government made up of potential, unauthorized secret networks of power operating independently of a state's political leadership in pursuit of their own agenda and goals.

In popular usage, after the 2016 United States presidential election, deep state became much more widely used as a pejorative term with an overwhelmingly negative connotation to describe a conspiracy theory promoted by both the Donald Trump administration and conservative-leaning media outlets.^[2][3]

"Deep state" is a calque of the Turkish word derin devlet (lit. 'deep state'). The modern concept of "Deep state" is associated with Turkey, a presumed secret network of military officers and their civilian allies trying to preserve the secular order from 1923 based on the ideas of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.^[4] There are also opinions that "Deep state" and "Counter-Guerrilla" were established in Turkey during the Cold War era as parts of Operation Gladio, to sway Turkey more towards NATO, against the threat of the expansion of Soviet communism.^[5]

The idea of a hidden network exerting secret control over governments has historical precedents that predate the modern concept of a deep state. Throughout history, societies have expressed fears about hidden enemies, clandestine groups, and secretive bureaucratic or military forces undermining legitimate governance. While these fears have varied across time periods, they share common themes of suspicion toward unaccountable power, conspiratorial networks, and elite control.^[6]

In Medieval Europe and early modern Europe, the fear of hidden enemies often manifested as suspicions of witchcraft and demonic conspiracies. The Malleus Maleficarum (1487), one of the most influential treatises on witchcraft, codified the idea that witches formed an organized, clandestine network working to subvert Christian society. This idea fueled mass hysteria, leading to witch trials and inquisitions across Europe and colonial North America, where authorities used such accusations to suppress dissent and reinforce state and church control.^[7]

This fear of hidden enemies parallels some modern deep-state conspiracy theories, particularly QAnon, which similarly portray a secret, malevolent network engaged in satanic rituals, child sacrifice, and efforts to corrupt society. Just as the Malleus Maleficarum claimed witches formed pacts with the Devil to abduct and sacrifice children, QAnon alleges that political elites participate in global child trafficking rings to harvest “adrenochrome,” a fictitious substance believed to grant them power. Both narratives rely on circular reasoning—where denial is seen as further proof of guilt—and justify extreme actions. Rooted in apocalyptic and dualistic thinking, these conspiracies frame political conflicts as battles between good and evil, reinforcing authority by channeling societal anxieties into moral panics that demand the purging of hidden enemies.^[7]

During the Age of Enlightenment, fears of hidden power structures evolved from supernatural enemies into concerns about elite networks influencing governance. The Freemasons and the Bavarian Illuminati became subjects of conspiracy theories, accused of manipulating political systems from behind the scenes.^[6]

The German Enlightenment thinker Christoph Martin Wieland explored these concerns in his 1788 work The Secret of the Order of Cosmopolitans. Wieland speculated on how secret organizations, often claiming to work in the public interest, might instead become a state within a state, subverting legitimate political institutions. His work reflects broader Enlightenment-era concerns about the influence of clandestine societies on governance. While Wieland did not advocate conspiracy theories, he critically examined the tension between secret power structures and public accountability.^[8]

These fears intensified after the French Revolution (1789–1799), when some political factions accused secret societies of engineering political upheaval. Governments across Europe and North America responded with restrictive policies against fraternal organizations and underground political groups, reflecting anxieties about hidden forces shaping national affairs.[1]

The 19th century marked a turning point in human history, as capitalism and global financial institutions reshaped political power. As Harari argues in Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind, capitalism thrives on the shared belief in financial systems, credit, and economic growth—a shift that allowed banks, corporations, and private capital to exert unprecedented influence over governments and society.^[9] This transformation led to widespread fears that financial elites had supplanted traditional political authority, embedding themselves as a permanent and unaccountable ruling class.^[10] Financial crisis like the Panic of 1873 reinforced fears that unelected financial elites dictated economic policy, prioritizing their own interests over national stability. ^[10][11]

While earlier deep-state concerns mostly centered on secret societies like the Freemasons and Illuminati, new narratives falsely alleged that Jewish financiers and banking elites controlled global politics and economies. The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, a fabricated document first circulated in the late 19th century, reinforced these claims by depicting a secret Jewish cabal manipulating world affairs.^[12] During the 1848 European Revolutions and the Paris Commune of 1871, reactionary groups accused Jewish bankers—particularly the Rothschild family—of using financial influence to destabilize governments and promote revolutionary change. These accusations paralleled broader fears that unelected elites exerted control beyond public accountability.^[13]

Economic power remains a core element of modern deep-state concerns. The Federal Reserve, IMF, and World Economic Forum (WEF) are frequently criticized for shaping global financial policies beyond democratic oversight.^[14][15]

The early 20th century was marked by political and social upheaval, fueling anxieties about hidden power structures manipulating government affairs. As states faced revolution, war, and economic crises, leaders increasingly warned of shadowy elites and internal conspiracies to justify crackdowns on political opposition and civil liberties. While concerns about entrenched influence within bureaucracies, militaries, and financial institutions were sometimes valid, governments often exploited these fears to consolidate power, suppress dissent, and expand authoritarian control under the guise of protecting democracy.^[16]

One of the most prominent deep state narratives emerged in response to the Russian Revolution of 1917. The sudden collapse of the Russian Provisional Government and the Bolsheviks' rise to power fueled speculation that the revolution was orchestrated by secretive forces rather than the result of social and economic tensions. Some anti-Bolshevik factions promoted the “Judeo-Bolshevik” conspiracy theory, which falsely claimed that Jewish revolutionaries had coordinated the uprising to subvert national governments.^[17] This theory, though widely discredited, contributed to the broader perception that communist movements were part of an international deep state operating beyond public accountability.^[18]

The Nazi regime weaponized fears of hidden power structures to justify brutal crackdowns and eliminate rivals. The Night of the Long Knives (1934) was framed as a defense against internal conspirators, but it was a carefully orchestrated purge to solidify Nazi rule. Unlike the Weimar Republic’s flawed but legally bound institutions, the Gestapo, SS, and SD operated without oversight, wielding state power to suppress dissent. By fabricating threats of shadowy elites and internal betrayal, the Nazis legitimized their own unaccountable rule, using the illusion of a deep state to create an openly repressive one.^[19]

Similar patterns emerged in Italy and Spain, where authoritarian leaders used deep state rhetoric to justify political crackdowns. Benito Mussolini’s government portrayed liberal politicians, socialists, and anti-fascist activists as part of a clandestine force working against national unity. In Francoist Spain, Francisco Franco framed opposition groups as elements of an international conspiracy, using deep state allegations to centralize control and suppress dissent. While both regimes exaggerated the existence of an organized deep state, they also operated within bureaucratic environments where military, judicial, and aristocratic elites retained substantial influence over governance, even as political power formally shifted.^[20][21]

Historian Niall Ferguson notes that deep state narratives often emerge in times of crisis, offering simplified explanations for complex events.^[22] While sometimes rooted in real power struggles, governments have frequently cultivated these fears to justify repression, using deep state rhetoric to frame ideological subversion as a threat, silence dissent, and expand control—ultimately entrenching the very unaccountable power they claimed to expose.^[16]

In 2013, author Abdul-Azim Ahmed wrote the deep state was being used to refer to Egyptian military/security networks, particularly the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces after the 2011 Egyptian revolution. They are "non-democratic leaders within a country" whose power is "independent of any political changes that take place". They are "often hidden beneath layers of bureaucracy" and may not be "in complete control at all times" but have "tangible control of key resources (whether human or financial)". He also wrote: "The 'deep state' is beginning to become short hand for the embedded anti-democratic power structures within a government, something very few democracies can claim to be free from."^[23]

The idea of a deep state in Germany has historical parallels in intellectual discourse. The Enlightenment writer Christoph Martin Wieland explored concerns about covert networks influencing political power in his 1788 work The Secret of the Order of Cosmopolitans. Wieland’s writing, though fictionalized, anticipated fears that secret societies could establish a state within a state, operating beyond public accountability. His work offers an early literary reflection on the challenges of governance and transparency.^[24]

In our times, the Reichsbürger movement is seen as a significant internal threat analogous to the concept of a deep state. This movement consists of far-right extremists who reject the legitimacy of the Federal Republic of Germany, asserting that the German Reich, which existed prior to 1945, continues to exist. Members of this movement refuse to pay taxes, issue their own identification documents, and often engage in pseudo-legal tactics to assert their views.

In December 2022, German authorities foiled a coup plot orchestrated by a group influenced by the Reichsbürger movement and QAnon conspiracy theories. The conspirators aimed to overthrow the German government and install a new regime led by Heinrich XIII Prinz Reuss, a minor aristocrat. The plot involved recruiting former military personnel and stockpiling weapons, intending to use force to achieve their goals. The group had mapped out a new government structure and appointed individuals to cabinet-like roles in anticipation of their success. They sought to cooperate with Russia, though there is no evidence that Russia supported or responded positively to their overtures.^[25]

In Iran, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) is often considered a significant deep state entity due to its substantial economic, political, and military power. The IRGC operates with considerable autonomy from the elected government and has been involved in various covert operations and influence campaigns. This includes control over significant economic sectors, involvement in foreign military activities, and influence over domestic policy decisions. The IRGC's pervasive influence is seen as a central component of Iran's deep state, shaping both internal and external politics in alignment with its agenda.^{[26][27][28][29]}

In May 2020, an article in Haaretz describes how people meeting Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu "have heard lengthy speeches [...] that even though he has been elected repeatedly, in reality, the country is controlled by a 'deep state.'"^[30]

The most famous case is Propaganda Due.^[31] Propaganda Due (better known as P2) was a Masonic lodge belonging to the Grand Orient of Italy (GOI). It was founded in 1877 with the name of Masonic Propaganda,^[32] in the period of its management by the entrepreneur Licio Gelli it assumed deviated forms with respect to the statutes of the Freemasonry and became subversive towards the Italian legal order. The P2 was suspended by the GOI on 26 July 1976; subsequently, the parliamentary commission of inquiry into the P2 Masonic lodge under the presidency of Minister Tina Anselmi concluded the P2 case by denouncing the lodge as a real "criminal organization"^[33] and "subversive". It was dissolved with a special law, the n. 17 of 25 January 1982.

Japan's "deep state" can be traced back to pre-World War II times, with the Imperial Japanese Army and the Kwantung Army wielding significant influence over the state. Post-war, elements of this influence continued through organized crime groups like the Yakuza, which have maintained a shadowy presence in Japan's political and economic spheres.^[34][35]

Robert Worth argues deep state is "just as apt" for networks in many states in the Middle East where governments have colluded with smugglers and jihadis (Syria), jihadi veterans of the Soviet–Afghan War (Yemen), and other criminals working as irregular forces (Egypt and Algeria).^[36] In his book From Deep State to Islamic State, he describes a hard core of regimes in Syria, Egypt, and Yemen that staged successful counter-revolutions against the Arab Spring in those countries, comparing them with the Mamluks of Egypt and the Levant 1250–1517 in that they proclaim themselves servants of the putative rulers while actually ruling themselves.^[37]

Since independence, the Pakistan Armed Forces have always had a huge influence in the country's politics as a national security institutions.^[38] In addition to the decades of direct rule by the military government, the military also has many constraints on the power of the elected prime ministers, and also has been accused of being a deep state.^[39][40][41] The Pakistan Army is often referred to as "The Establishment" due to its deep involvement in the country's decision-making processes specifically the foreign affairs.^[42]

According to the Journalist Robert F. Worth, "The expression 'deep state' had originated in Turkey in the 1990s, where the military colluded with drug traffickers and hit men to wage a dirty war against Kurdish insurgents".^[36] Professor Ryan Gingeras wrote that the Turkish term derin devlet "colloquially speaking" refers to "'criminal' or 'rogue' elements that have somehow muscled their way into power".^[43] The journalist Dexter Filkins wrote of a "presumed clandestine network" of Turkish "military officers and their civilian allies" who, for decades, "suppressed and sometimes murdered dissidents, Communists, reporters, Islamists, Christian missionaries, and members of minority groups—anyone thought to pose a threat to the secular order".^[44] Journalist Hugh Roberts has described the "shady nexus" between the police and intelligence services, "certain politicians and organised crime", whose members believe they are authorised "to get up to all sorts of unavowable things" because they are "custodians of the higher interests of the nation".^[37]

The Civil Service has been called a deep state by senior politicians. In 2018, Steve Hilton, then advisor to David Cameron, claimed Tony Blair had said: "You cannot underestimate how much they believe it's their job to actually run the country and to resist the changes put forward by people they dismiss as 'here today, gone tomorrow' politicians. They genuinely see themselves as the true guardians of the national interest, and think that their job is simply to wear you down and wait you out."^[45] The British comedy series Yes Minister paints the conflict of the civil servant and the politician in charge in a humoristic way.

In February 2024, former Conservative Prime Minister Liz Truss claimed that she was forced out of office by the 'deep state' during an appearance at that year's Conservative Political Action Conference in the US. This statement was criticised within her own party and by the opposition, with both Labour Party Shadow Paymaster General Jonathan Ashworth and the Liberal Democrats Deputy Leader Daisy Cooper referring to it as a "conspiracy theory".^[46][47]

Since at least 1963, the deep state has been used to describe "a hybrid association of government elements and parts of top-level industry and finance that is effectively able to govern the United States without reference to the consent of the governed as expressed through the formal political process."^[48] Intelligence agencies such as the CIA have been accused by elements of the Donald Trump administration of attempting to thwart its policy goals.^[49] Writing for The New York Times, the analyst Issandr El Amani warned against the "growing discord between a president and his bureaucratic rank-and-file", while analysts of the column The Interpreter wrote:^[49]

Though the deep state is sometimes discussed as a shadowy conspiracy, it helps to think of it instead as a political conflict between a nation's leader and its governing institutions.

— Amanda Taub and Max Fisher, The Interpreter

According to the political commentator David Gergen, quoted by Time in early 2017, the term had been appropriated by Steve Bannon, Breitbart News, and other supporters of the Trump administration in order to delegitimize critics of the Trump presidency.^[50] In February 2017, the deep state theory was dismissed by authors for The New York Times,^[49] as well as The New York Observer.^[51] In October 2019 The New York Times gave credence to the general idea by publishing an opinion piece arguing that the deep state in the Civil Service was created to "battle people like Trump".^[52] Trump's warnings about a deep state have been referred to as "repeating a longtime [John Birch Society] talking point".^[53]

Scholars have generally disputed the notion that the U.S. Executive Branch bureaucracy represents a true deep state as the term is formally understood but have taken a range of views on the role of that bureaucracy in constraining or empowering the U.S. president.^[54]

During his 2024 campaign, Donald Trump used the concept of the “deep state” to rally support, portraying it as a shadowy network of bureaucrats and officials working against his agenda. He frequently vowed to “demolish the deep state,” outlining a multi-step plan on Truth Social to gut the civil service, limit institutional power, and replace career officials with loyalists. Between January 2023 and April 2024, Trump posted about the deep state 56 times, nine of which detailed specific plans to destroy it. He blamed the deep state for obstructing his first-term agenda and preventing him from fully executing his policies.^[55]

Trump’s strategy to "dismantle the deep state":

• Reinstating Schedule F – Reclassify tens of thousands of federal jobs as political appointments, allowing mass firings of career civil servants and replacement with loyalists.^[56]
• Creating the Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE) – Led by Elon Musk, DOGE drives Trump's deep state purge by slashing federal spending, eliminating agencies, and downsizing the civil service, consolidating executive control over government operations.^[57]
• Dismantling the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) – Cutting off funding, halting enforcement, and sidelining staff to effectively neutralize the agency, weakening consumer protections and reducing financial regulations.^[58]
• Purging and Restructuring Federal Law Enforcement – Overhaul the FBI, DOJ, and FISA courts, which Trump claims were weaponized against conservatives.^[59]
• Establishing a Truth and Reconciliation Commission – Declassify documents on alleged government corruption and past investigations into Trump.^[60]
• Relocating Federal Agencies – Move major government offices out of Washington, D.C., to regions aligned with Trump’s political base.^[61]
• Expanding Presidential Spending Control – Reintroduce impoundment to bypass Congress and withhold funds from programs Trump opposes.

The Cartel of the Suns, a group of high-ranking officials within the Bolivarian government of Venezuela, has been described as "a series of often competing networks buried deep within the Chavista regime". Following the Bolivarian Revolution, the Bolivarian government initially embezzled until there were no more funds to embezzle, which required them to turn to drug trafficking. President Hugo Chávez made partnerships with the Colombian leftist militia Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and his successor Nicolás Maduro continued the process, promoting officials to high-ranking positions after they were accused of drug trafficking.^[62]

• Imperial Brazil's Diretório Monárquico do Brasil and Black Guard^[63]
• Imperial Japan's Army, Kwantung Army and the post-war Yakuza^[64][65]
• India's Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh^[66][67]
• Indonesia's Kopassus^[68][69][70]
• Kingdom of Serbia's Black Hand^[71]
• Morocco's Makhzen^[72][73]
• Netherlands’ Student Societies^[74]
• Pakistan's Intelligence Community: ISI, FIA, NAB, and/or IB^[75][76]
• Serbia and Montenegro's RDB^[77]
• Spain's Grupos Antiterroristas de Liberación, "Antiterrorist Liberation Groups"^[78]
• Thailand's Military-Monarchy Nexus or Network Monarchy^[79]
• United Kingdom's City of London Corporation^[80]