The following lists events that happened during 1950 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

• General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union — Joseph Stalin
• Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union — Nikolay Shvernik
• Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union — Joseph Stalin

• January 5 — 1950 Sverdlovsk air disaster

• February 14 — The Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance is concluded.

• March 12 — Soviet Union legislative election, 1950

• April 2 — Drifting ice station North Pole-2 is established.

• June 28 – July 4 — The Pavlovian session is held.

• August 13 — The steamer Mayakovsky sinks in Riga, killing 147 people in the deadliest peacetime Soviet shipping disaster.

• January 3 — Masha and Dasha Krivoshlyapova, Russian ischiopagus tripus conjoined twins (d. 2003)
• January 17 — Viktor Kosykh, Soviet and Russian theater and cinema actor (d. 2011)
• January 21 — Leonid Kosakivsky, First elected mayor of Kyiv
• February 17 — Albertas Simenas, 2nd Prime Minister of Lithuania
• March 21 — Sergey Lavrov, 4th Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation
• April 8 — Yevgeny Savchenko, 2nd Governor of Belgorod Oblast
• April 12 — Pavel Ipatov, 2nd Governor of Saratov Oblast
• April 16 — Igor Farkhutdinov, 3rd Governor of Sakhalin Oblast (d. 2003)
• April 20 — Alexander Lebed, 3rd Governor of Krasnoyarsk Krai (d. 2002)
• April 25 — Boris Ebzeyev, 3rd Head of Karachay-Cherkessia
• May 6 — Mikhail Myasnikovich, 7th Prime Minister of Belarus
• May 12 — Viktor Ivanov, director of the Federal Drug Control Service of Russia
• May 17 — Valeriya Novodvorskaya, Soviet and Russian dissident, writer and liberal politician (d. 2014)
• May 31
  • Edgar Savisaar, 1st Prime Minister of the Interim Government of Estonia (d. 2022)
  • Alexander Filipenko, 1st Governor of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
• June 18 — Alexander Solovyov, 2nd Head of the Udmurt Republic (d. 2023)
• June 22 — Zenonas Petrauskas, Lithuanian lawyer and diplomat (d. 2009)
• June 26 — Jaak Joala, Estonian singer (d. 2010)
• July 9 — Viktor Yanukovych, 4th President of Ukraine
• August 11 — Gennadiy Nikonov, Russian weapons designer (d. 2003)
• August 23 — Roza Otunbayeva, 3rd President of Kyrgyzstan
• August 25 — Oleg Betin, 2nd Governor of Tambov Oblast (d. 2023)
• September 1 — Mikhail Fradkov, 8th Prime Minister of Russia
• October 1 — Boris Morukov, Russian physicist and astronaut (d. 2015)
• October 4 — Oleg Bogomolov, 3rd Governor of Kurgan Oblast
• November 9 — Dmitry Ayatskov, 2nd Governor of Saratov Oblast
• November 16 — Viktor Shershunov, 2nd Governor of Kostroma Oblast (d. 2007)
• December 7 — Hasanaga Sadigov, Azerbaijani ashik singer (d. 2018)
• December 9 — Vladimir Pekhtin, Russian politician
• December 11 — Alexander Tatarsky, Russian film director (d. 2007)
• December 15 — Boris Gryzlov, 3rd Chairman of the State Duma of the Russian Federation
• December 21 — Nikolay Kiselyov, 3rd Governor of Arkhangelsk Oblast
• December 24 — Mustafa Batdyyev, 2nd Head of Karachay-Cherkessia

• March 15 — Alexander Kobiskoy, WWII heroine (b. 1920)
• April 8 — Vaslav Nijinsky, ballet dancer and choreographer (b. 1889)
• May 20 — Peter Petrovich Troyanskii, educator and scholar (b. 1894)
• June 26 — Antonina Nezhdanova, soprano (b. 1873)
• July 12 — Lev Galler, admiral (b. 1883)
• August 8 — Nikolai Myaskovsky, composer (b. 1881)
• August 24
  • Grigory Kulik, military officer (b. 1890)
  • Vasily Gordov, general (b. 1896)
• October 1
  • Nikolai Voznesensky, politician and economic planner (b. 1903)
  • Alexey Kuznetsov, statesman and functionary (b. 1905)
  • Mikhail Rodionov, 9th Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Russian SFSR (b. 1907)
• October 19 — Viktor Strazhev, bibliographer, translator, poet and literary critic (b. 1879)
• November 12 — Hryhoriy Lakota, Eastern Catholic bishop (b. 1883)
• November 13 — Antonina Zubkova, WWII bomber pilot (b. 1920)

• 1950 in fine arts of the Soviet Union
• List of Soviet films of 1950