Stepanenko (Ukrainian or Russian: Степаненко) is a gender-neutral Ukrainian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

• Anatoly Stepanenko (born 1949), Soviet cyclist
• Ekaterina Stepanenko (born 1983), Russian football player
• Eugene Stepanenko (born 1974), Ukrainian director
• Galina Stepanenko (born 1966), Russian ballerina
• Ivan Stepanenko (1920–2007), Soviet-Ukrainian flying ace
• Ivan Stepanenko (ice hockey), (born 1995), Kazakhstani ice hockey player
• Julija Stepanenko (born 1977), Latvian politician
• Nikolay Stepanenko (born 1956), Soviet-Belarusian sprint canoeist
• Oleg Stepanenko (born 1939), Soviet-Ukrainian hurdler
• Oleh Stepanenko (born 2004), Ukrainian footballer
• Sergei Stepanenko (born 1981), Kazakh/Russian footballer
• Taras Stepanenko (born 1989), Ukrainian football player
• Vjačeslavs Stepaņenko (born 1959), Latvian politician
• Yelena Stepanenko (born 1953), Russian actress

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