The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Taiwanese Hokkien (also called Taiwanese) pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

Note that the Pe̍h-ōe-jī (POJ) applied in this page is Ernest Tipson's version, while Chinese Examples are pronounced with literary reading with Taiwanese Romanization System (TL) spelling in default unless specified.

Consonants

Consonants
IPA POJ TL Phonetic Symbols Chinese Example English approximation
p p ㄅ 布 (pòo) span
pʰ ph ㄆ 普 (phóo) pan
b b 明 (bîng) timber [a]
m m- ㄇ 媽 (má) moon
am, om, im , 暗 (àm), 參 (som)[b], 心 (sim) rim
t t ㄉ 端 (tuan) stop
tʰ th ㄊ 透 (thò) top
l l ㄌ 來 (lâi) lime [c]
n n ㄋ 泥 (nî) noon
-n ㄣ, ㄢ 因 (in), 安 (an)
k k ㄍ 見 (kiàn) skin
kʰ kh ㄎ 溪 (khe) kin
ɡ g 義 (gī) finger [a]
ŋ ng- 吳 (ngôo) singer
eng, ang, ong ing, ang, ong ㄥ, ㄤ, 櫻 (ing), 幫 (pang), 王 (ông) song
h h ㄏ 曉 (hiáu) hit
ʔ ∅ 影 (íng, [ʔiə̯ŋ˥˩]) uh-oh
t͡s ch [d] ts ㄗ 走 (tsáu) cats, usually retracted in most cases
t͡ɕ ㄐ 精 (tsing) like itchy, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).[e]
t͡sʰ chh [d] tsh ㄘ 菜 (tshài) cats
t͡ɕʰ ㄑ 市 (tshī) like cheap, pronounced more forward, toward the teeth (palatalized).[e]
s s ㄙ 三 (sam) same
ɕ ㄒ 審 (sím) like sheep, pronounced more forward, toward the teeth (palatalized).[e]
d͡z j 熱 (jua̍h) pads [f]
z zoo [g]
d͡ʑ 日 (ji̍t) like jeep, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).[f][e]
ʑ like zip, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).[g][e]
Note: Alveolo-palatal consonants ([t͡ɕ], [t͡ɕʰ], [ɕ], and [d͡ʑ / ʑ]) always precede [i] ⟨i / e⟩ as ⟨chi (tsi) / che⟩, ⟨chhi (tshi) / chhe⟩, ⟨si / se⟩, and ⟨ji⟩.
Syllabic consonants
m̩ -m 姆 (ḿ) rhythm
ŋ̍ -ng 光 (kng)[h] song [i]
Stop consonant finals
p̚ -p ◌ㄅ 合 (ha̍p) like sip, but no audible release; apt
t̚ -t ◌ㄉ 七 (tshit) like sit, but no audible release
k̚ -k ◌ㄍ 角 (kak) like sick, but no audible release
ʔ -h ◌ㄏ 桌 (toh) uh-oh

Vowels

Vowels
IPA POJ TL Phonetic Symbols Chinese Example English approximation
a a ㄚ 鴨 (ah) father
e e 家 (ke) day
ɤ o o/or[j] ㄜ 高 (kor) Roughly like bird [k]
o o ㄛ 高 (ko) story [l]
ɔ o͘ [m] oo 烏 (oo) off
ong, om,
op, ok 		, ,
ㄅ, ㄍ 		福 (hok)
i i ㄧ [n] 一 (it) see [o]
u u ㄨ 武 (bú) cool [p]
Diphthongs
ai̯ ai ㄞ 愛 (ài) fight [o]
au̯ au ㄠ 交 (kau) out [p]
i̯a ia ㄧㄚ 射 (siā) Russia
i̯ɛ ian, iat ㄧㄢ, ㄧㄚㄉ 電 (tiān), 結 (kiat) yes [q]
iə̯ eng, ek ing, ik ㄧㄥ, ㄧㄍ 英 (ing), 色 (sik) eon [r][k]
i̯ə io ior ㄧㄜ 腰 (ior)[k]
i̯o io ㄧㄛ 腰 (io)[l] Leo
i̯ɔ iong, iok ㄧ, ㄧㄍ 中 (tiong), 欲 (io̍k) kiosk
i̯u iu ㄧㄨ 手 (tshiú) dew
u̯a oa ua ㄨㄚ 化 (huà) like suave
u̯e oe ue ㄨ 尾 (bué)[b] question
u̯i ui ㄨㄧ 水 (suí) we
Triphthongs
i̯au̯ iau ㄧㄠ 妖 (iau) meow [o][p]
u̯ai̯ oai uai ㄨㄞ 怪 (kuài) quiet [o]
Nasal vowels
◌̃ m◌, n◌, ng◌ ㄇ◌, ㄋ◌, ◌ 鰻 (muâ), 梁 (niû), 迎 (ngiâ) Nasalized vowel(s) [s]
ã an ann 衫 (sann) like naive; nasalized [a]
ẽ en enn 青 (tsenn)[b] like next; nasalized [e] [t]
ĩ in inn [n] 圓 (înn) like niece; nasalized [i]
ɔ̃ on onn 否 (hónn) French: son; nasalized [ɔ]
ãĩ̯ ain ainn 載 (tsáinn) like nine; nasalized [ai̯]
ĩ̯ã ian iann ㄧ 兄 (hiann) roughly like civilian; nasalized [i̯a]
ĩ̯ũ iun iunn ㄧ 羊 (iûnn)[h] like new; nasalized [i̯u] [u]
ũ̯ã oan uann ㄨ 官 (kuann) roughly like squander; nasalized [u̯a]
ũ̯ĩ uin uinn ㄨ 快 (khuìnn)[h] roughly like twin; nasalized [u̯i]
ĩ̯ãũ̯ iaun iaunn ㄧ 喓 (iaunn) like meow; nasalized [i̯au̯]
ũ̯ãĩ̯ oain uainn ㄨ 關 (kuainn)[b] roughly like wine; nasalized [u̯ai̯] [v]
Note: ⟨◌n⟩ in POJ is sometimes written as ⟨◌N⟩ when superscript ⟨n⟩ is not supported.

Tones

Tones
Tone
Number		 IPA
(WP)		 POJ TL Phonetic Symbols Chinese Example Dialect values (IPA)
Kaohsiung Taipei Lukang
0 ◌--a 後日 （āu--ji̍t） (varying)
1 ˦ a ㄚ 東 [˥] 55 [˦] 44 [˧] 33
2 ˥˩ á ㄚˋ 黨 [˥˩] 51 [˥˧] 53 [˥] 55
3 ˧˩ à ㄚ˪ 棟 [˧˩] 31 [˨˩] 21 [˧˩] 31
4 ʔ˧˨ a◌ ㄚ◌ 督 [˧] 3 [˨] 2 [˥] 5
5 ˨˦ â ㄚˊ 同 [˨˦] 24
6 ˨ ǎ ㄚˋ 動 [˨] 22
7 ˧ ā ㄚ˫ 洞 [˧] 33 [˧˩] 31
8 ʔ˦ a̍◌ ㄚ◌˙ 毒 [˥] 5 [˦] 4 [˧˥] 35
9 ˧˥ a̋ 引擎 [˧˥] 35
Note: ◌ can be any of the four stop consonant finals in Taiwanese as listed in the above.

Dialectal segments

Choân-chiu Dialect

Consonants
IPA POJ TL Phonetic Symbols Chinese Example English approximation
d͡ʑ j j 字 (jī / lī) like jeep, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).[f]
l l ㄌ lap
熱 (jua̍h / lua̍h)
d͡z j pads [f]
Vowels
ə e er ㄜ 火 (hér)[w] about [x]
ɨ i / u ir 豬 (tir) roughly like glasses; sometimes pronounced as [ɯ] as goose (California)[y][w]
ɘ̯e oe ere ㄜ 雞 (kere)[y]
ɘ̯u io eru ㄜㄨ 購 (kerù)[w]
ɨ̯̃ĩ eng irinn 肩 (kirinn)[z]

Chiang-chiu Dialect

Consonants
IPA POJ TL Phonetic Symbols Chinese Example English approximation
ȵ n gn 耳 (gní)[aa] like onion [t][ab]
ʑ j j 日 (ji̍t / gi̍t) like zip, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).[g]
g g give [g]
z j 熱 (jua̍h) zoo [g]
Vowels
ɛ e ee / ek / eng ㄝ 家 (kee) [aa] bet [t]
ɛ̃ en eenn 青 (tsheenn) [aa] French: vin; nasalized [ɛ] [t][ab]
ĩ̯ɔ̃ iun ionn ㄧ 羊 (iônn) [ac] like neon; nasalized [i̯o] [t]

Notes

  1. ^ a b [b] and [g] are sometimes transcribed as [b̃] and [g̃] respectively.
  2. ^ a b c d In Taiwanese Chiang-chiu accent.
  3. ^ In most varieties of Hokkien, /l/ is pronounced as an alveolar tap [ɾ]. Although the IPA symbol ⟨l⟩ represents a lateral approximants, ⟨l⟩ is widely used instead of ⟨ɾ⟩ in broad transcriptions of Hokkien.
  4. ^ a b In some POJ variants, ch and chh are written as ⟨ts⟩ and ⟨tsh⟩ respectively.
  5. ^ a b c d e [t͡ɕ], [t͡ɕʰ], [ɕ], and [ʑ] are pronounced as [t͡s], [t͡sʰ], [s], and [z] in some accents.
  6. ^ a b c d [d͡z] and [d͡ʑ] are used in Taiwanese Choân-chiu accent; they are pronounced as [l] in some sub-accents.
  7. ^ a b c d e [z] and [ʑ] is used in Taiwanese Chiang-chiu accent, while [ʑ] is pronounced as [ɡ] mainly in Taiwanese Hok-Ló-Kheh [zh] sub-accents.
  8. ^ a b c In Taiwanese Choan-chiu accent.
  9. ^ ⟨-ng⟩ [ŋ̍] is pronounced as [ũĩ] mainly in Taiwanese Chiang-chiu accent.
  10. ^ ⟨o⟩ in TL can present both southern accent and northern accent, while ⟨or⟩ in TL is used to specify southern accent for differentiation.
  11. ^ a b c ⟨or⟩ [ɤ], also transcribed as [ə], is used in Taiwanese southern accent and sometimes transcribed as [ɤ].
  12. ^ a b ⟨o⟩ [o] is used in Taiwanese northern accent.
  13. ^ ⟨o͘⟩ [ɔ] is sometimes written as ⟨ou⟩ in POJ as the dot is barely visible for readers.
  14. ^ a b In horizontal writing, it might be written in 90 degrees rotated.
  15. ^ a b c d [i̯] can be transcribed as [ɪ] in ⟨-ai, -ia, -io, -iau⟩.
  16. ^ a b c [u̯] can be transcribed as [ʊ] in ⟨-au⟩
  17. ^ ⟨ian⟩ is pronounced as either [i̯ɛn], [ɛn], or [en] depending on accents.
    ⟨iat⟩ is pronounced as either [i̯ɛt̚], [ɛt̚], or [et̚] depending on accents.
  18. ^ ⟨ing⟩ is pronounced as either [iə̯ŋ], [iŋ] or [eŋ], depending on accents.
    ⟨ik⟩ is pronounced as either [iə̯k̚], [ik̚] or [ek̚] depending on accents.
  19. ^ The combination of a nasal consonant preceding vowel(s) represents nasal vowel(s) due to a natural process of assimilation.
  20. ^ a b c d e ⟨gn⟩ [ȵ], (enn) [ẽ], ⟨ee⟩ [ɛ], ⟨eeh⟩ [ɛʔ], ⟨eenn⟩ [ɛ̃], ⟨ek⟩ [ɛk̚], ⟨eng⟩ [ɛŋ], ⟨ionn⟩ [ĩ̯ɔ̃], and ⟨ionnh⟩ [ĩ̯ɔ̃ʔ] of TL are used in Taiwanese Chiang-chiu accent.
  21. ^ [ĩ̯ũ] is only used in Choân-chiu accent.
  22. ^ [ũ̯ãĩ̯] is pronounced as [ũ̯ĩ], [ũ̯ã], and [u̯ai̯] mainly in Taiwanese Choân-chiu accent.
  23. ^ a b c In Lo̍k-káng Choân-chiu accent
  24. ^ ⟨er⟩ [ə] is also transcribed as [ɘ] by some scholars despite the slight difference. In addition, ⟨er⟩ is alternatively spelled as ⟨oe⟩ while its Phonetic Symbol is replaced with in textbooks and academic publishing by Ngoo Siu Le [zh].
  25. ^ a b In Sam-Kiap Choân-chiu accent
  26. ^ In Po-tiong Choân-chiu Lâm-oaⁿ accent
  27. ^ a b c In Taiwanese Éng-tsēng old Chiang-chiu accent.
  28. ^ a b Note that ⟨gn⟩ [ȵ] and ⟨eenn⟩ [ɛ̃] are not listed in the Taiwanese Romanization System by Ministry of Education, but is featured in textbooks and dictionaries.
  29. ^ In Taiwanese Tâi-lâm Chiang-chiu accent.

References

See also

Allikas: Https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Taiwanese_Hokkien
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