A grammar book is a book or treatise describing the grammar of one or more languages. In linguistics, such a book is itself frequently referred to as a grammar.

Etymology

Ancient Greek had the term τέκνή γραμματική (téchnē grammatikḗ, 'skill in the use of letters'), which was adapted into Latin as ars grammatica. This term was used in the title of works about writing and language, which came to be known in English as grammar-books or grammars.[1]: 72 

Definition

Although the style and content of grammar-books varies enormously, they generally aim for a fairly systematic and comprehensive survey of one language's phonetics, morphology, syntax and word-formation. Since languages vary across time, space, social groups, genres, and so forth, grammars inevitably cannot represent every single aspect of a language, but usually select a particular variety with a view to a particular readership.[1]: 73–74 

The readerships of grammars and their needs vary widely. Grammars may be intended for native-speakers of a language or for learners. Many grammars are written for use by children learning a language in a school environment. Many grammars are reference grammars, intended not to be read from beginning to end like a textbook, but to enable readers to check particular details as the need arises. Some grammars are prescriptive, aiming to tell readers how they ought to use language; others are descriptive, aiming to tell readers how language is used in reality. In either case, popular grammars can be enormously influential on language-use.[1]: 73–74 

History

Further information: History of English grammars

The earliest known descriptive linguistic writing, leading to early grammar-books, took place in a Sanskrit community in northern India; the best known scholar of that linguistic tradition was Pāṇini, whose works are commonly dated to around the 5th century BCE.[2] The earliest known grammar of a Western language is the second-century BCE Art of Grammar attributed to Dionysius Thrax, a grammar of Greek.

Key stages in the history of English grammars include Ælfric of Eynsham's composition around 995 CE of a grammar in Old English based on a compilation of two Latin grammars, Aelius Donatus's Ars maior and Priscian's Institutiones grammaticae. This was intended for use by English-speaking students of Latin, and is the first known grammar of Latin written in a vernacular language, but was arguably also intended to use Latin as a basis for explaining English grammar.[3] A key step in the development of English grammars was the 1586 publication of William Bullokar's published his Pamphlet for Grammar, which used a framework derived from Latin grammars to show how English too had grammatical structures and rules.[1]: 74  Numerous grammars aimed at foreign learners of English, sometimes written in Latin, were published in the seventeenth century, while the eighteenth saw the emergence of English-language grammars aiming to instruct their Anglophone audiences in what the authors viewed as correct grammar, including an increasingly literate audience of women and children; this trend continued into the early twentieth century.[1]: 74–78  A key shift in grammar-writing is represented by Charles Carpenter Fries' 1952 The Structure of English, which aimed to give up-to-date, descriptive rather than prescriptive, information on English grammar, and drew on recordings of live speech to inform its claims.[1]: 74 

List of first printed grammars (1450–1800)

Year Language Author Notes
1451 Latin Aelius Donatus Donatus' Ars Minor was the first printed book by Johannes Gutenberg.[4]
1471 Ancient Greek Manuel Chrysoloras Chrysoloras' Erotemata was the first printed book in greek language.[5]
1489 Hebrew Moses Kimhi [6]
1492 Spanish Antonio de Nebrija Nebrija's Gramática de la lengua castellana is the first printed grammar of a vernacular language.[7]
1505 Andalusi Arabic Pedro de Alcalá [8]
1516 Italian Giovanni Francesco Fortunio [7]
1527 Biblical Aramaic Sebastian Münster [9]
1530 French John Palsgrave [10]
1533 Czech Beneš Optát [11]
1534 German Valentin Ickelsamer [7]
1536 Portuguese Fernão de Oliveira [12]
1539 Hungarian János Sylvester [13]
1539 Classical Arabic Guillaume Postel [14]
1539 Syriac Teseo Ambrogio written in collaboration with the Maronite monk Elias ibn Ibrahim.[15]
1543 Sicilian Claudio Mario d'Arezzo [16]
1552 Geʽez Mariano Vittorio written in collaboration with the ethiopian monk Täsfa Ṣǝyon.[17]
1558 Purépecha Maturino Gilberti Gilberti's Arte de la lengua de Michoacán is first printed grammar of an American indigenous language.[18]
1560 Quechua Domingo de Santo Tomás [19]
1567 Welsh Gruffydd Robert [7]
1568 Polish Pierre Statorius [20]
1571 Nahuatl Alonso de Molina [18]
1578 Zapotec Juan de Córdova [18]
1584 Dutch Hendrik Laurenszoon Spiegel [7]
1584 Slovene Adam Bohorič [21]
1586 Church Slavonic anonymous [7]
1586 English William Bullokar [7]
1593 Mixtec Antonio de los Reyes [18]
1595 Tupi José de Anchieta known by the title Arte de gramática da língua mais usada na costa do Brasil[19]
1603 Aymara Ludovico Bertonio [19]
1604 Japanese João Rodrigues Tçuzu known by the title Arte da Lingoa de Iapam[22]
1604 Croatian Bartol Kašić [23]
1606 Mapuche Luis de Valdivia Valdivia also published in 1607 two other grammars for Allentiac and Millcayac languages.[19]
1610 Tagalog Francisco Blancas de San José [24]
1612 Malay Albert Cornelius Ruyl [25]
1612 Turkish Hieronymus Megiser based on manuscript written by Hector von Ernau.[26]
1614 Timucua Francisco Pareja [27]
1618 Hiligaynon Alonso de Méntrida [24]
1619 Chibcha Bernardo de Lugo [19]
1620 Yucatec Maya Juan Coronel [18]
1622 Modern Greek Girolamo Germano [7]
1624 Armenian Francesco Rivola [28]
1627 Ilocano Francisco Lopez [24]
1636 Coptic Athanasius Kircher Kircher's Prodromus Coptus was based on manuscript written by Yuhanna al-Samannudi.[29]
1637 Estonian Heinrich Stahl [7]
1637 Mazahua Diego de Nágera Yanguas [18]
1638 Basque Arnauld de Oihenart [30]
1639 Persian Louis de Dieu [31]
1640 Guarani Antonio Ruiz de Montoya [19]
1640 Konkani Thomas Stephens Stephens' Arte da Lingoa Canarim is the first printed grammar of any Indian language.[32]
1643 Georgian Francesco Maria Maggio [7]
1643 Old English Abraham Wheelocke A summary of the Old English grammar was included in Wheelocke's edition of Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum [33]
1644 Mam Diego de Reynoso [18]
1644 Mochica Fernando de la Carrera [19]
1644 Latvian Johans Georgs Rēhehūzens [34]
1647 Bikol Andrés de San Agustin [35]
1649 Finnish Eskil Petraeus [7]
1651 Vietnamese Alexandre de Rhodes [36]
1651 Icelandic Runolf Jonsson [37]
1653 Lithuanian Daniel Klein [38]
1659 Kongo Giacinto Brusciotto [39]
1659 Breton Julien Maunoir [7]
1663 Waray Domingo Ezguerra [40]
1666 Massachusett John Eliot [27]
1667 Kalinago Raymond Breton [41]
1668 Danish Erik Pontoppidan [42]
1672 Tamil Philippus Baldaeus [43]
1677 Irish Froinsias Ó Maolmhuaidh [7]
1679 Sorbian Xaver Jakub Ticin [44]
1680 Cumanagoto Francisco de Tauste [19]
1681 Frisian Simon Abbes Gabbema A grammar of Frisian was included in the Gabbema's edition of Gysbert Japiks's Friesche Rymlerye[45]
1683 Tarahumara Tomas de Guadalajara [46]
1686 Manchu Ferdinand Verbiest [47]
1689 Gothic George Hickes [48]
1690 Pangasinan Andrés Lopez [49]
1696 Swedish Nils Tiällmann [50]
1696 Russian Heinrich Wilhelm Ludolf [51]
1696 Chinese Martino Martini published by Melchisédech Thévenot in his Relations de divers voyages curieux[52]
1697 Kimbundu Pedro Dias [39]
1698 Amharic Hiob Ludolf written in collaboration with Abba Gorgoryos.[53]
1699 Kipeá Luigi Vincenzo Mamiani Mamiani published the only grammar of a non-Tupí language from colonial Brazil[54]
1702 Opata Natal Lombardo [46]
1707 Cornish Edward Lhuyd A grammar of cornish language was included in Lhuyd's Archæologia Britannica.[55]
1707 Sinhala Johannes Ruell [56]
1716 Albanian Francesco Maria da Lecce [7]
1729 Romansh Flaminio da Sale [57]
1729 Kapampangan Diego Bergaño [58]
1729 Mixe Agustín de Quintana [18]
1731 Otomi Francisco Haedo [18]
1732 Lule Antonio Maccioni [19]
1737 Cahita Tomás Basilio [46]
1738 Sámi Pehr Fjellström [59]
1743 Hindi David Mills based on manuscript written by Joan Josua Kettler.[60]
1743 Bengali Manuel da Assumpção [61]
1743 Tepehuan Benito Rinaldini [46]
1747 Huastec Carlos de Tapia Zenteno [18]
1750 Maltese Agius de Soldanis [7]
1752 Totonac José Zambrano Bonilla [18]
1753 Kaqchikel Ildefonso Joseph Flores [18]
1760 Greenlandic Paul Egede [62]
1769 Chuvash anonymous [63]
1770 Negerhollands Joachim Melchior Magens [64]
1775 Mari anonymous [63]
1775 Udmurt anonymous [63]
1778 Scottish Gaelic William Shaw [65]
1778 Marathi anonymous [66]
1779 Neapolitan Ferdinando Galiani [67]
1780 Romanian Samuil Micu-Klein [68]
1782 Sardinian Matteo Madao [67]
1783 Piedmontese Maurizio Pipino [67]
1787 Kurdish Maurizio Garzoni [69]
1790 Sanskrit Paulinus of St. Bartholomew based on manuscript written by Johann Ernst Hanxleden.[70]
1790 Slovak Anton Bernolák [71]
1794 Slavo-Serbian Avram Mrazović [72]
1799 Malayalam Robert Drummond [73]

See also

Further reading

  • Burke, Peter (2004). Languages and Communities in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge University Press.
  • Considine, John P. (2017). Small Dictionaries and Curiosity: Lexicography and Fieldwork in Post-medieval Europe. Oxford University Press.
  • Görlach, M. (1998), An annotated bibliography of nineteenth-century grammars of English (Amsterdam: Benjamins)
  • Graustein, G. and Leitner, G. (eds.) (1989), Reference grammars and modern linguistic theory, Linguistische Arbeiten, 226 (Tübingen: Niemeyer)
  • Hymes, Dell H. (1974). Studies in the history of linguistics: traditions and paradigms. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 361–379.
  • Law, Vivien (2003). The History of Linguistics in Europe: From Plato to 1600. Cambridge University Press. pp. 234–235.
  • Leitner, G. (1984), 'English grammaticology', International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 23, 199–215.
  • Leitner, G. (ed.) (1986), The English reference grammar: language and linguistics, writers and readers (Tübingen: Niemeyer)
  • Leitner, G. (ed.) (1991), English traditional grammars: an international perspective (Amsterdam: Benjamins)
  • Stankiewicz, E. (1984). Grammars and Dictionaries of the Slavic Languages from the Middle Ages up to 1850: An Annotated Bibliography. De Gruyter Mouton.
  • Zwartjes, Otto (2011). Portuguese Missionary Grammars in Asia, Africa and Brazil, 1550-1800. John Benjamins Publishing.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Andrew Linn, 'English Grammar Writing', in The Handbook of English Linguistics, ed. by Bas Aarts and April McMahon (Oxford: Blackwell, 2006), pp. 72–92.
  2. ^ François & Ponsonnet (2013).
  3. ^ Melinda J. Menzer, 'Ælfric's English Grammar', The Journal of English and Germanic Philology, 103 (2004), 106-24.
  4. ^ Ingelhart, Louis E. (1998). Press and Speech Freedoms in the World, from Antiquity until 1998: A Chronology. Greenwood. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-313-30851-2.
  5. ^ Dondi, Cristina (2020). Printing R-evolution and Society 1450-1500: Fifty Years that Changed Europe. Edizioni Ca' Foscari - Digital Publishing. pp. 279–297. ISBN 978-88-6969-333-5.
  6. ^ Waltke, Bruce K.; O'Connor, Michael Patrick (1990). An introduction to biblical Hebrew syntax. Winona Lake, Ind: Eisenbrauns. p. 39. ISBN 0931464315.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Considine, John (22 December 2016). Small Dictionaries and Curiosity: Lexicography and Fieldwork in Post-Medieval Europe. Oxford University Press. pp. 243–265. ISBN 978-0-19-108793-6.
  8. ^ Toomer, G. J. (1996). Eastern Wisedome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-century England. Clarendon Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-19-820291-2.
  9. ^ Gzella, Holger (2015). "A Cultural History of Aramaic: From the Beginnings to the Advent of Islam". A Cultural History of Aramaic. Brill. p. 5. ISBN 978-90-04-28510-1.
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