George Lincoln Rockwell (March 9, 1918 – August 25, 1967) was an American neo-Nazi activist. He founded the American Nazi Party in 1959 and became the self-styled leader of neo-Nazism in the United States.^[1] His beliefs, strategies, and writings have continued to influence many white supremacists and neo-Nazis. Rockwell coined the phrase "White Power" as a counterslogan to "Black Power".

Born in Bloomington, Illinois, Rockwell briefly studied philosophy at Brown University before dropping out to join the Navy. He trained as a pilot and served in World War II and the Korean War in non-combat roles, achieving the rank of Commander. Rockwell's politics grew more radical and vocal in the 1950s, and he was honorably discharged due to his views in 1960.

In politics, he regularly praised Adolf Hitler, referring to him as the "White Savior of the twentieth century".^[2] He denied the Holocaust and believed that Martin Luther King Jr. was a tool for Jewish communists desiring to rule the white community. He blamed the civil rights movement on Jews, and viewed most of them as traitors. He viewed black people as a primitive race and supported the resettlement of all African Americans in a new African state to be funded by the U.S. government. In his later years, Rockwell became increasingly aligned with other neo-Nazi groups, leading the World Union of National Socialists.

On August 25, 1967, Rockwell was shot and killed in Arlington by John Patler, a former member of the American Nazi Party who had once been close with Rockwell, but who he had expelled in March of that year.

Rockwell was born in Bloomington, Illinois, the first of three children of George Lovejoy Rockwell and Claire (née Schade) Rockwell. His father was born in Providence, Rhode Island, and was of English and Scottish ancestry. His mother was the daughter of Augustus Schade, a German immigrant, and Corrine Boudreau, who was of Acadian French ancestry. Both parents were vaudeville comedians and actors. His parents divorced when Rockwell was six years old, and for the rest of his youth he divided his time between his mother in Atlantic City, New Jersey, and his father in Boothbay Harbor, Maine.^[3] He had a brother, Bobby, and a sister, Priscilla.^[4]

He was an extroverted and rebellious teenager, resulting in disciplinary action taken against him at school and middling grades.^[5] Rockwell attended Atlantic City High School in Atlantic City, and applied to Harvard University when he was 17 years old. However, he was denied admission. One year later, his father enrolled him at Hebron Academy in Hebron, Maine.^[6] In August 1938, the twenty year old Rockwell enrolled at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, as a philosophy major.^[3] While his grades were mediocre, he had been accepted due to his high score on the aptitude test.^[7] In his sophomore year, Rockwell dropped out of Brown and accepted a commission in the United States Navy.^[3]

Rockwell appreciated the order and discipline of the Navy, and attended flight schools in Massachusetts and Florida in 1940. When he completed his training, he served in the Battle of the Atlantic and the Pacific War in World War II. He served aboard the USS Omaha, USS Pastores, USS Wasp and USS Mobile, primarily in support, photo reconnaissance, transport and training functions. Though he never actually flew in combat, he was considered a good pilot and an efficient officer.^[8]

In April 1943, Rockwell married Judith Aultman, whom he had met while attending Brown University.^[9] Aultman was a student at Pembroke College, which was the coordinate women's college of the university.^[10] The couple had three daughters: Bonnie, Nancy, and Phoebe–Jean.^[11] Rockwell did not get along with his in-laws; he blamed them for not raising Judith to be "docile and compliant", his image of the perfect wife. His marriage was marred with violent arguments and on at least one occasion, he struck his wife.^[10]

After the war ended, Rockwell worked as a sign painter out of a small shop on land owned by his father in Boothbay Harbor, Maine.^[10] In 1946, he entered the commercial art program at the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, New York.^[3] He and his wife Judith moved to New York City so he could study at Pratt. He did well at Pratt, winning the $1,000 first prize for an advertisement he did for the American Cancer Society.^[3][12] However, he left Pratt before finishing his final year, and moved to Maine to found his own advertising agency.^[13] His involvement with Pratt and their children was later limited and he rarely saw or communicated with them, outside of discussion over child support, which he often failed to pay.^[4]

In 1950, Rockwell was recalled to duty as a lieutenant commander at the beginning of the Korean War. He moved to San Diego with his wife and three children, where he trained pilots in the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps.^[3] There, Rockwell supported General Douglas MacArthur's candidacy for president of the United States. He adopted the corncob pipe, following MacArthur's example.^[14][15][16] At the time, Rockwell believed in Joseph McCarthy's claims that the United States was being subverted by communism. Other supporters of MacArthur introduced him to antisemitic conspiracies, and Rockwell did more research on his own, eventually concluding that communism was actually a front for a Jewish conspiracy. This led him to, in 1951, buy and read Hitler's manifesto Mein Kampf.^[16][2] He later described reading it as "like finding part of me" and said it "bathed all the gray world suddenly in the clear light of reason and understanding".^[16] He also read the forged antisemitic tract the The Protocols of the Elders of Zion.^[17]

Rockwell later wrote that although he did not tell anyone of this, by this time he had become "an all-out Nazi"; he considered his radicalization to be him seeing the world as it was for the first time and as an epiphany.^[16] In November 1952, Rockwell was transferred to Iceland, where he became a Grumman F8F Bearcat pilot and attained the rank of commander.^[3][2] Because families were not permitted to be with American service personnel stationed there, his wife and children stayed with her mother in Barrington, Rhode Island. His wife filed for divorce the following year. Rockwell attended a diplomatic party in Reykjavík where he met Margrét Þóra Hallgrímsson, the niece of Iceland's ambassador to the United States;^[2] they were married on October 3, 1953,^{[citation needed]} by Þóra's uncle, the Bishop of Iceland. They spent their honeymoon in Berchtesgaden, Germany, where Hitler once owned the Berghof mountain retreat in the Bavarian Alps. They made a "pilgrimage" to Hitler's Adlerhorst.^[2] Together they had three children: Hallgrímur, Margrét, and Evelyn Bentína. In 1957, Hallgrímsson's father went to the U.S. to take his daughter back to Iceland because he had learned that Rockwell was "one of the most active racists in the United States."^[12] She subsequently divorced Rockwell and remarried in 1963.^{[12][failed verification]} After she left him, she kept their children completely separated from him.^[4]

In September 1955 in Washington, D.C., he launched U.S. Lady, a magazine for United States servicemen's wives. The magazine incorporated Rockwell's political causes^{[dubious – discuss]}: his opposition to both racial integration and communism. The publication had financial problems and he sold the magazine. However, he still aspired to pursue a career in publishing.

In 1957–1958, Rockwell had a series of dreams that all ended with him meeting Hitler.^[19] In 1958, Rockwell met Harold Noel Arrowsmith Jr., a wealthy heir and antisemite who provided Rockwell with a house and printing equipment. They formed the National Committee to Free America from Jewish Domination.^[20] In 1958, he helped in the founding of a racist political party in Georgia, the National States' Rights Party; Rockwell advised them and his National Committee to Free America from Jewish Domination supplied them with materials. Many significant members of this group would later join Rockwell's group, including James K. Warner and Matthias Koehl.^[21]

On July 29, 1958, Rockwell demonstrated in front of the White House in an anti-war protest against President Dwight D. Eisenhower's decision to send peacekeeping troops to the Middle East, known as Operation Blue Bat. Rockwell and his supporters specifically protested what they supposed was Jewish control of the government.^[19] In October 1958, following the Hebrew Benevolent Congregation Temple bombing, news reports initially linked to Rockwell to the crime; the FBI suspected his involvement, but they were unable to directly link him to it. As a result, Rockwell was outed as a Nazi to the public, and his home was searched by police the day after the bombing.^[21]

In early 1959, Rockwell founded the World Union of National Socialists (WUFENS),^[22] a name selected to denote opposition to state ownership of property.^{[citation needed]} In December 1959, the organization was renamed the American Nazi Party^{[citation needed]} and its headquarters was relocated to 928 North Randolph Street in Arlington, which also became Rockwell's home.^[23] In 1959, he published an Animal Farm-type parody, the long-form poem and children's book The Fable of the Ducks and the Hens.^[24]

In 1960, as a result of his political activities, the Navy discharged Rockwell one year short of retirement because he was regarded as "not deployable" due to his political views. The proceedings to dismiss him were an extremely public affair. Even though he received an honorable discharge, Rockwell claimed he "had basically been thrown out of the Navy", for which he blamed the Jews.^[25] He continued to go by the title of "the Commander" for his activism.^[26]

Rockwell was adept at using political stunts to promote his movement.^[26] In order to attract media attention, Rockwell held a rally on April 3, 1960, on the National Mall, where he addressed the crowd with a two-hour speech. A second rally was planned for Union Square in New York City. Mayor Robert F. Wagner Jr. refused to grant him a permit to speak, and he appealed that decision to the New York Supreme Court. When Rockwell emerged in the courthouse rotunda, he was surrounded by a crowd of television reporters. One of the reporters, Reese Schonfeld, interviewed Rockwell, and after Rockwell made antisemitic comments, a melee broke out, requiring a police convoy to escort Rockwell from the courthouse. Rockwell, with the aid of the American Civil Liberties Union, eventually won a permit, but it was long after the date of the planned event.^[27]

On July 3, 1960, Rockwell and his men fought with the Jewish War Veterans group, resulting in a brawl. Rockwell was charged with disorderly conduct; however, at trial, the judge declared him mentally incompetent to stand trial and he was involuntarily committed to a psychiatric hospital for thirty days. He defended his mental health by citing his military experience, but this failed to convince the judge. After this experience he became preoccupied with proving he was sane, and also declared psychiatry a Jewish field used to discredit those they opposed.^[28] He published a pamphlet inspired by this experience titled How to Get Out or Stay Out of the Insane Asylum in 1960, an antisemitic tract which largely focuses on neo-Nazis being able to politically organize, and also, as the title suggests, how to get out of an insane asylum by lying to psychiatrists. He noted that, since psychiatrists would be looking for "delusions of grandeur", as they had deemed his belief that he was "chosen to fulfill an historical mission such as preserving the White Race, and the concomitant proposition that the Jews are 'persecuting' you for trying to expose them", one had to lie to leave, as he had done.^[29][15][28]

When the Freedom Riders drove their campaign for the desegregation of bus stations in the Deep South, Rockwell secured a Volkswagen van and decorated it with slogans supporting white supremacy, dubbing it the "Hate Bus" and driving it to speaking engagements and party rallies.^[30][31][32] On May 24, 1961, Rockwell and nine others were arrested on charges of disturbing the peace in New Orleans after trying to picket the movie Exodus. They went on a hunger strike in jail. Rockwell was only able to raise enough bond money for himself so he could be released five days later.^[33] In June 1961, all ten men were found guilty, receiving sentences ranging from 30 to 60 days and fines ranging from $50 to $100.^[34] Once more, Rockwell paid his bond, but left his followers in jail. In 1962, the convictions were overturned on appeal.^[35]

On January 15, 1961, Rockwell and a fellow Nazi Party member attempted to picket the local premiere of the film Exodus at the Saxon Theatre in Downtown Boston on Tremont Street while staying at the Hotel Touraine. After Boston Mayor John F. Collins declined to deny Rockwell the right to picket, members of the local Jewish community organized a counterdemonstration of 2,000 protestors in response on the corner of Tremont and Boylston Streets on the day of the premiere, which forced police to converge on the theater and force Rockwell into a police cruiser that took him to Logan International Airport where Rockwell was then boarded onto a flight to Washington, D.C.^[36] In early 1962, Rockwell planned a rally to celebrate Hitler's birthday on April 20. In the summer, he attended a camp organized by British neo-Nazi Colin Jordan in Gloucestershire where they organized the World Union of National Socialists. In September, he awarded one of his members a medal for punching Martin Luther King Jr. in the face.^[37]

He ran as an independent in the 1965 Virginia gubernatorial election, receiving 5,730 votes, or 1.02% of the total, finishing last among the four candidates.^[38] In the summer of 1966, Rockwell led a counter-demonstration against King's attempt to bring an end to de facto segregation in the white Chicago suburb of Cicero, Illinois. He believed that King was a tool for Jewish Communists who wanted to integrate America.^[39] Rockwell believed that integration was a Jewish plot to rule the white community.^[3] Rockwell led the American Nazi Party in assisting the Ku Klux Klan and similar organizations during the civil rights movement, in attempts to counter the Freedom Riders and the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. But he soon came to believe that the Klan was stuck in the past and ineffective in helping him wage a modern racial struggle.^{[citation needed]} In the 1960s, Rockwell attempted to draw attention to his cause by starting a record label, named Hatenanny Records. The name was based on the word "hootenanny", a term given to folk music performances. The label released several singles promoting racist and white supremacist beliefs by such bands as Odis Cochran and the Three Bigots and the Coon Hunters. These songs were sold mostly through mail order and at party rallies.^{[40][better source needed]}

In 1966, in reaction to the popularity of the slogan "Black Power" coined by Stokely Carmichael, Rockwell altered the phrase and coined the term "White Power" as a counterslogan.^[41][42] In the spring of 1966, the party began publication of several pamphlets and books, including National Socialist World edited by William Luther Pierce,^[37] writings by Rockwell, the periodical Stormtrooper Magazine (originally National Socialist Bulletin), and a propaganda comic book, Here Comes Whiteman!, where the title superhero character battles enemies modeled after racist stereotypes.^{[citation needed]} In November 1966, the American Civil Liberties Union once again represented Rockwell, defending his right to stage marches or parades in Jewish neighborhoods during Jewish holidays.^[43]

John Patler, a young member of the party, helped produce Rockwell's propaganda; Patler's appearance was not especially "Nordic", as the son of Greek immigrants.^[44] Rockwell liked Patler, whose presence he defended by arguing for a more expanded idea of "master race". Koehl and the members who agreed with him viewed this change as heretical; while Koehl was a member of the group and a follower of Rockwell, he was an avid Germanophile and worshiped Hitler, viewing this deviation from Hitler's beliefs as abominable.^[45] Other important members of the group agreed with Koehl, including Frank Drager, Pierce, and Alan Welch. This had the result of forming two factional movements within the ANP: Koehl's Aryan Unity faction, which strictly followed the original racial ideas of Hitler, and Rockwell's White Power faction, which grew towards a broader idea of "White Unity".^[45]

Rockwell's group was already small, and wishing to avoid a schism told Patler to keep himself unobtrusive, but refused to go back on this change despite Koehl's objections.^[45] On January 1, 1967, the group underwent several changes. Rockwell changed the name of the American Nazi Party to the National Socialist White People's Party (NSWPP), changed the logo to a stylized eagle, and replaced Sieg Heil with "White Power", all in an effort to Americanize the organization and increase its appeal.^[46][47] These changes, mostly instigated by Patler, were objected to by Koehl.^[47][48] He also wrote of a new "Ten Points" for the NSWPP, which unlike the tenets of the ANP focused on several racial issues and not just Jews.^[48]

Patler viewed Rockwell as a father figure, but blamed him for the problems in his life, including his abandonment of his Greek identity to fit the party's ideal and the failure of his marriage.^[49] From 1966 to 1967, Patler drifted in and out of the party, all the while writing several letters to Rockwell that oscillated between hatred and begging for his forgiveness.^[49] A psychiatrist had previously noted him as having probable "repressed homosexuality";^[50] in several of his final letters to Rockwell, he described him as one would a romantic partner, at one point writing to Rockwell that:^[51]

I feel much better after talking to you. I want sooo badly to get back into the spirit of things and push for you all the way. I don’t think there are two people on earth who think and feel the same as we do... You are a very important part of my life. I need you as much as you need me. Without you there is no future.

Patler was eventually and finally expelled by Rockwell from the ANP in March 1967, which he dedicated to Koehl instead of doing it himself. In addition, he made his stormtroopers examine his property to ensure he did not leave with theirs. Patler spent the rest of the spring enraged over his treatment, writing letters disavowing Rockwell and the ANP, before again returning to begging for his forgiveness.^[52][53]

On June 28, 1967, Rockwell was subject to a failed assassination attempt. Upon returning to his home, his driveway was blocked, and when he attempted to clear it two shots were fired, one narrowly missing him. Rockwell attempted to chase the shooter but he escaped, and Rockwell was unable to identify him.^[54] He claimed that there had been two men, but later told Pierce there was actually only one, possibly having lied to exaggerate the threat.^[55]

Nearly two months later on August 25, 1967, Rockwell was shot and killed by Patler using a Mauser pistol while leaving a laundromat in Arlington, Virginia, near the party's headquarters. After entering the laundrymat, he told the attendant he forgot something and went back to his car.^[56] After starting the car, two shots were fired through the windshield; one shot missed, but the other hit Rockwell's chest. Rockwell managed to crawl out of the car and fell onto the pavement. He died there at 12:02 p.m.^[56][57] Arlington police arrested Patler less than two miles from the place of the shooting, shortly after the shooting, alone.^[53]

The police and prosecution argued Patler's motive was to get revenge on Rockwell for expelling him.^[58][53] Another possible motive was anger at Rockwell for not defending him from members of the party who insulted his ethnicity, especially Koehl and Pierce. Author Frederick J. Simonelli, author of a biography of Rockwell, doubted the latter motive, as Rockwell had actually favored Patler in this dispute.^[53] Another theory was vengeance for Rockwell having an affair with Patler's wife, though this was never mentioned at the trial, and after Patler learned of the affair he sent Rockwell a letter telling him he was fine with it.^[53] The prosecution also argued he had been the perpetrator of the June attempt on his life.^[55]

Patler continued to profess his innocence, and his defense attempted to shift blame on Koehl (who would have had the most to gain in Rockwell's death), as well as advancing other possible motives.^[59] High-ranking member Karl Allen did not believe Patler had done it, and organized the John Patler Defense Fund, developing the idea that either the killing of Rockwell or at least the blame on Patler was the result of a Jewish conspiracy by the ADL.^[60] However, most members agreed that Patler had killed Rockwell,^[61] though some believed it was part of a coup.^[59] Patler was convicted of the murder in December 1967, and sentenced to 20 years in prison.^[52] Patler appealed his conviction, and was out on $40,000 bond. His murder conviction was upheld by the Virginia Supreme Court in 1970. With this his bond was revoked and he was ordered to return to prison to carry out his sentence. He appealed again to the U.S Supreme Court, which unanimously rejected his appeal in May 1972; he was paroled in August 1975, but violated his parole terms a year later and spent six more years in prison. He was later released upon the completion of his sentence.^[54][58]

Hearing of his son's death, Rockwell's 78-year-old father said: "I am not surprised at all. I've expected it for quite some time."^[6] Matthias Koehl, the second in command at NSWPP, moved to establish control over Rockwell's body and the assets of the NSWPP, which at the time had some 300 active members and 3,000 financial supporters. Rockwell's parents wanted a private burial in Maine, but declined to fight with the Nazis. On August 27, an NSWPP spokesman reported that federal officials had approved a military burial at Culpeper National Cemetery, Rockwell being an honorably discharged veteran.^[62][63] The cemetery specified that no Nazi insignia could be displayed, and when mourners violated these conditions, the entrance to the cemetery was blocked in a day-long standoff. The next day, Rockwell's body was secretly cremated.^[14][63]

He regularly praised Adolf Hitler, referring to him as the "White Savior of the twentieth century".^[2] He denied the Holocaust and believed that Martin Luther King Jr. was a tool for Jewish communists desiring to rule the white community.^[64] In an April 1966 interview for Playboy conducted by journalist Alex Haley, Rockwell stated, "I don't believe for one minute that any 6,000,000 Jews were exterminated by Hitler. It never happened."^[3] His 1967 book White Power uses much harsher terminology than even previous works of his, calling Jews "human parasites", calling for the killing of all non-Whites peoples and for the enemies of whites to be "annihilated".^[29]

He blamed the civil rights movement on Jews, and viewed most of them as traitors. He viewed black people as a primitive race and supported the resettlement of all African Americans in a new African state to be funded by the U.S. government.^[64] He was influenced by Senator Joseph McCarthy's stance against communism, carmaker Henry Ford's hatred of Jews, and aviator Charles Lindbergh's stance on race.^[7][15] Additiojnal influences included the founder of the Christian Nationalist Crusade Gerald L. K. Smith.^[15]

Rockwell's views estranged him from his former family and friends. His brother's businesses and family life was heavily damaged by their association with Rockwell, and his relatives and friends drew away from him, shocked by his behavior. Many of them suspected his change in behavior had to do with mental illness. His own father tried repeatedly to convince him to abandon his political views, but failed, with this only resulting in bitter fights. He had little or no contact with either of his ex-wives or his children; he was only regularly in contact with his sister and mother.^[4]

He agreed with and quoted many leaders of the Black separatism movement who shared his goal of racial segregation, such as Elijah Muhammad and early Malcolm X.^[65][66] In January 1962, Rockwell wrote to his followers that Elijah Muhammad:^[65]

has gathered millions of the dirty, immoral, drunken, filthy-mouthed, lazy and repulsive people sneeringly called 'niggers' and inspired them to the point where they are clean, sober, honest, hard working, dignified, dedicated and admirable human beings in spite of their color ... Muhammad knows that mixing is a Jewish fraud and leads only to aggravation of the problems that it is supposed to solve ... I have talked to the Muslim leaders and am certain that a workable plan for separation of the races could be effected to the satisfaction of all concerned—except the Communist-Jew agitators.

He also said of Elijah Muhammad "I am fully in concert with their program, and I have the highest respect for Elijah Muhammad." He referred to Muhammad as "The Black People's Hitler" and donated $20 (worth about $212 in 2024) to the Nation of Islam at their "Freedom Rally" event on June 25, 1961, at Uline Arena in Washington where he and ten ANP members attended a speech by Malcolm X.^[66] Rockwell gave a speech to a crowd of 12,000 at a Black Muslim event in the International Amphitheater in Chicago, with Elijah Muhammad and Malcolm X, on February 25, 1962.^[64][66]

Inspired by Black Muslims' use of religion to mobilize people, Rockwell sought to collaborate with Christian Identity groups. On June 10, 1964, he met and formed an alliance with Identity minister Wesley A. Swift. Rockwell used religious imagery, depicting himself as a Christ-like martyr who was fighting against the Jews. Nazis found a welcome home in Swift's church and church members found a political outlet in the American Nazi Party.^[67]

Rockwell has been described as "the father of American neo-Nazism".^[42] He is still a very influential figure on far-right extremists, though he is largely unknown to the American public and failed to "achieve anything close to political power or even a significant following".^[68] He was a driving force in promoting Holocaust denial in America.^[42] The White Power movement that he spawned was one of his most enduring legacies. Author William H. Schmaltz said of it that: "Gone was the criterion of being Nordic or Aryan; gone was the Nativist, anti-Catholic prejudice of the Ku Klux Klan. Now anyone white and non-Jewish could belong to a worldwide racist movement that had no internal racial or ethnic hierarchy."^[69]

After Rockwell's death, the American Nazi Party effectively dissolved.^[70] The party had no formalized succession plan, but in the immediate aftermath, Koehl was declared by agreement of all sixteen leading members to be the next leader.^[71] Koehl's leadership split the NSWPP;^[54] Koehl and William Luther Pierce formed their own organizations. Koehl renamed the NSWPP the New Order, and shifted it to a more religious organization that espoused a kind of esoteric Nazism.^[54][72] Meanwhile, Pierce had a falling out with the rest of Rockwell's successors due to their continued display of explicitly Nazi branding, as Pierce felt this hurt their recruitment. The more traditional members of the party followed Pierce, who founded the National Alliance, which became the primary neo-Nazi group in the United States in the 1980s and 1990s.^[54][72] Pierce later wrote the racist dystopian novel The Turner Diaries, which inspired numerous acts of far-right terrorism in the United States and elsewhere.^[72][73]

Rockwell was a source of inspiration for David Duke, who openly espoused neo-Nazi sentiments when he was young. As a student in high school, when he learned that he had been murdered, Duke reportedly said "The greatest American who ever lived has been shot down and killed."^[74] Richard B. Spencer is another admirer of Rockwell.^[14] White supremacist Matthew Heimbach said that Rockwell was "one of the most gifted orators of the 20th century", and Rockwell's writings and speeches were "the things that worked to bring me to National Socialism".^[75]

The site of the party headquarters, 928 North Randolph Street in Ballston, Virginia, is now a hotel and office building. After Rockwell's death, his successor Matthias Koehl relocated the headquarters to 2507 North Franklin Road in Clarendon, Arlington, Virginia.^[76] The small building, often misidentified today as Rockwell's former headquarters became The Java Shack.^[77][78]

Marlon Brando portrayed Rockwell in the television miniseries Roots: The Next Generations and he won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Movie for his performance.^[79]

• The Fable of the Ducks and the Hens (1959)

• How to Get Out or Stay Out of the Insane Asylum (1960)
• In Hoc Signo Vinces (1960)
• Rockwell Report (1961)
• This Time the World (1961)
• White Self-Hate: Master-Stroke of the Enemy (1962)
• White Power (1967)

• Speech in the Armory, Lynchburg, Virginia, August 20, 1963 (1963)
• Speech at Brown University, 1966 (1966)
• Nazi Rockwell: A Portrait in Sound (1973, posthumous)

• John Tyndall (far-right activist)
• List of assassinated American politicians

• Berlet, Chip (2014). "Rockwell, George Lincoln (1918–1967)". In Chapman, Roger; Ciment, James (eds.). Culture Wars in America: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge. pp. 557–558. ISBN 978-0-7656-8302-1.
• Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas (2001). Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism, and the Politics of Identity. New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-3237-3.
• Holbrook, Donald (2013). "Far Right and Islamist Extremist Discourses: Shifting Patterns of Enmity". In Taylor, Max; Holbrook, Donald; Currie, P. M. (eds.). Extreme Right Wing Political Violence and Terrorism. New Directions in Terrorism Studies. New York: Bloomsbury. pp. 215–237. ISBN 978-1-4411-5162-9.
• Newton, Michael (2014). "Rockwell, George Lincoln (1918–1967)". Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 476–481. ISBN 978-1-61069-286-1.
• Powell, Lawrence N. (1997). "When Hate Came to Town: New Orleans' Jews and George Lincoln Rockwell". American Jewish History. 85 (4): 393–419. ISSN 0164-0178. JSTOR 23885627.
• Schmaltz, William H. (1999). Hate: George Lincoln Rockwell and the American Nazi Party. Washington: Brassey's. ISBN 978-1-57488-262-9.
• Simonelli, Frederick J. (1999). American Fuehrer: George Lincoln Rockwell and the American Nazi Party. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-02285-2.
• Weir, Dylan (2024). "The Commander: George Lincoln Rockwell, Veteran and Nazi". Journal for the Study of Radicalism. 18 (1): 37–57. ISSN 1930-1197.

• Media related to George Lincoln Rockwell at Wikimedia Commons
• Quotations related to George Lincoln Rockwell at Wikiquote