Fusinus is a genus of small to large sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Fasciolariidae, the spindle snails and tulip snails.[2]
Fossil records
This genus is known in the fossil records from the Cretaceous to the Quaternary (age range: from 94.3 to 0.0 million years ago). Fossils are found in the marine strata all over the world.[4]
Species
Species in the genus Fusinus include:[5][6]
According to the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) the following species with accepted names are included within the genus Fusinus[2]
- Fusinus aepynotus (Dall, 1889) – graceful spindle
- Fusinus africanae (Barnard, 1959)
- Fusinus agadirensis Hadorn & Rolàn, 1999
- Fusinus agatha (Simone & Abbate, 2005)
- Fusinus albacarinoides Hadorn, Afonso & Rolán, 2009
- Fusinus albinus (Adams, 1856)
- Fusinus alcimus (Dall, 1889) – stout spindle
- Fusinus alcyoneum Hadorn & Fraussen, 2006
- Fusinus allyni McLean, 1970
- Fusinus alternatus Buzzurro & Russo, 2007
- Fusinus amadeus Callomon & Snyder, 2008
- Fusinus amphiurgus (Dall, 1889) – slender spindle
- Fusinus annae Snyder, 1986
- Fusinus arabicus (Melvill, 1898)
- Fusinus articulatus (G.B. Sowerby II, 1880)
- † Fusinus asper (J. Sowerby, 1821)
- Fusinus assimilis (Adams, 1856)
- Fusinus aurinodatus Stahlschmidt & Lyons, 2009
- Fusinus australis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833)
- Fusinus azzurrae T. Cossignani, 2023
- Fusinus barclayi (G.B. Sowerby III, 1894)
- † Fusinus bensoni R. S. Allan, 1926
- Fusinus benthalis (Dall, 1889) – modest spindle
- Fusinus bifrons (Sturany, 1900)
- Fusinus blakensis Hadorn & Rogers, 2000
- Fusinus bocagei (P. Fischer, 1882)
- Fusinus bocagei marcelpini Hadorn & Ryall, 1999
- Fusinus boettgeri (von Maltzan, 1884)
- Fusinus boucheti Hadorn & Ryall, 1999
- Fusinus brianoi Bozzetti, 2006
- Fusinus buzzurroi Prkic & Russo, 2008
- Fusinus chocolatus (Okutani, 1983)
- Fusinus chuni (Martens, 1904)
- Fusinus clarae Russo & Renda in Russo, 2013
- † Fusinus clavilithoides Landau, Harzhauser, Büyükmeriç & Breitenberger, 2016
- Fusinus colombiensis M. A. Snyder & N. C. Snyder, 1999
- Fusinus colus (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Fusinus consetti (Iredale, 1929)
- Fusinus corallinus Russo & Germanà, 2014
- Fusinus crassiplicatus Kira, 1954
- Fusinus cratis Kilburn, 1973
- Fusinus cretellai Buzzurro & Russo, 2008
- Fusinus damasoi Petuch & Berschauer, 2016
- Fusinus diandraensis Goodwin & Kosuge, 2008
- † Fusinus dictyotis (Tate, 1888)
- Fusinus dilectus (Adams, 1856)
- † Fusinus dilleri Hickman, 1980
- Fusinus diminutus Dall, 1915
- Fusinus dimitrii Buzzurro & Ovalis in Buzzurro & Russo, 2007
- Fusinus dovpeledi Snyder, 2002
- † Fusinus doylei (Stilwell & Zinsmeister, 1992)
- † Fusinus dyki (K. Martin, 1884)
- Fusinus emmae Callomon & Snyder, 2010
- † Fusinus eonodatus (Stilwell & Zinsmeister, 1992)
- Fusinus euekes Callomon & Snyder, 2017
- Fusinus ferrugineus (Kuroda & Habe, 1960)
- Fusinus fioritae Russo & Pagli, 2019
- Fusinus flammulatus Lussi & Stahlschmidt, 2007
- Fusinus flavicomus Hadorn & Fraussen, 2006
- Fusinus forceps (Perry, 1811)
- Fusinus forceps salisburyi Fulton, 1930
- Fusinus frausseni Thach, 2018
- Fusinus gallagheri Smythe & Chatfield, 1981
- Fusinus gemmuliferus Kira, 1959
- † Fusinus gippslandicus (Tate, 1888)
- Fusinus gracillimus (Adams & Reeve, 1848)
- † Fusinus graciloaustralis Stilwell & Zinsmeister, 1992
- Fusinus guidonis Delsaerdt, 1995
- Fusinus halistreptus (Dall, 1889)
- Fusinus hartvigii (Shuttleworth, 1856)
- Fusinus harveyi Hadorn & Roger, 2000
- Fusinus hayesi Snyder, 1996
- † Fusinus henicus (Tate, 1889)
- Fusinus hernandezi Hadorn & Rolán, 2009
- Fusinus humboldti Poorman, 1981
- † Fusinus ickeae (K. Martin, 1931)
- † Fusinus incilifer (K. Martin, 1931)
- Fusinus inglorius Hadorn & Fraussen, 2006
- Fusinus insularis Russo & Calascibetta, 2018
- Fusinus jasminae Hadorn, 1966
- Fusinus juliabrownae Callomon, Snyder & Noseworthy, 2009
- Fusinus labronicus (Monterosato, 1884)
- Fusinus laetus (G.B. Sowerby II, 1880)
- Fusinus laticlavius Callomon & Snyder, 2017
- Fusinus laviniae Snyder & Hadorn, 2006
- Fusinus lightbourni M.A. Snyder, 1984
- Fusinus longissimus (Gmelin, 1791)
- Fusinus magnapex Poorman, 1981
- Fusinus malhaensis Hadorn, Fraussen & Bondarev, 2001
- Fusinus marcusi Hadorn & Rogers, 2000
- Fusinus mariaodetae Petuch & Berschauer, 2016
- Fusinus marisinicus Callomon & Snyder, 2009
- Fusinus maritzaallaryae Cossignani & Allary, 2019
- Fusinus maroccensis (Gmelin, 1791)
- † Fusinus menengtenganus (K. Martin, 1895)
- † Fusinus meredithae (Tenison Woods, 1876)
- Fusinus meteoris Gofas, 2000
- Fusinus midwayensis Kosuge, 1979
- Fusinus multicarinatus (Lamarck, 1822)
- † Fusinus nanggulanensis (K. Martin, 1914)
- Fusinus nobilis Reeve, 1847
- Fusinus nodosoplicatus (Dunker, 1867)
- Fusinus palmarium Hadorn & Fraussen, 2006
- Fusinus parvulus (Monterosato, 1884)
- Fusinus pauciliratus (Shuto, 1962)
- Fusinus pauciliratus complex Snyder, 2000
- Fusinus paulus Poorman, 1981
- Fusinus penioniformis Habe, 1970
- Fusinus percyanus (G. B. Sowerby II, 1880)
- Fusinus perplexus (Adams, 1864)
- Fusinus pulchellus (Philippi, 1844)
- Fusinus raricostatus (Del Prete, 1883)
- Fusinus rogersi Hadorn, 1999
- † Fusinus rudis (R. A. Philippi, 1844)
- Fusinus rudis var. parvulus Monterosato, 1884
- † Fusinus rugosus (Briart & Cornet, 1868)
- Fusinus rushii (Dall, 1889)
- Fusinus salisburyi Fulton, 1930
- Fusinus sandvichensis (G. B. Sowerby II, 1880)
- Fusinus saundersi Hadorn & Rolán, 2009
- Fusinus schrammi (Crosse, 1865)
- † Fusinus sculptilis (Tate, 1888)
- Fusinus sectus (Locard, 1897)
- Fusinus seriatus Callomon & Snyder, 2017
- Fusinus severnsi Goodwin & Kosuge, 2008
- Fusinus somaliensis Smythe & Chatfield, 1984
- Fusinus sonorae Poorman, 1981
- † Fusinus staadti Le Renard, 1994
- Fusinus stannum Callomon & Snyder, 2008
- Fusinus stanyi Swinnen & Fraussen, 2006
- † Fusinus suraknisos Stilwell & Zinsmeister, 1992
- † Fusinus tangituensis (Marwick, 1926)
- Fusinus tenerifensis Hadorn & Rolán, 1999
- Fusinus teretron Callomon & Snyder, 2008
- Fusinus thermariensis Hadorn & Fraussen, 2006
- Fusinus thielei (Schepman, 1911)
- Fusinus thompsoni Hadorn & Rogers, 2000
- † Fusinus timorensis (K. Martin, 1884)
- Fusinus toreuma (Deshayes, 1843)
- Fusinus townsendi (Melvill, 1899)
- Fusinus transkeiensis Hadorn, 2000
- † Fusinus trivialis (Tate, 1899)
- † Fusinus ucalis H. E. Vokes, 1939
- † Fusinus vitreoides (R. M. Johnston, 1880)
- Fusinus ventimigliae Russo & Renda in Russo, 2013
- Fusinus vitreus Dall, 1927
- † Fusinus waihaoicus Laws, 1935
- Fusinus wallacei Hadorn & Fraussen, 2006
- † Fusinus watermani (M. Smith, 1936)
- Fusinus zacae Strong & Hertlein, 1937
- Fusinus zebrinus (Odhner, 1923)
- Species brought into synonymy
- Subgenus Fusinus (Barbarofusus) Grabau & Shimer, 1909 accepted as Fusinus Rafinesque, 1815
- Subgenus Fusinus (Chryseofusus) Hadorn & Fraussen, 2003 accepted as Chryseofusus Hadorn & Fraussen, 2003
- Subgenus Fusinus (Sinistralia) H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 accepted as Fusinus Rafinesque, 1815
- Fusinus acherusius Hadorn & Fraussen, 2003 : synonym of Chryseofusus acherusius (Hadorn & Fraussen, 2003)
- Fusinus akitai Kuroda & Habe, 1961: synonym of Marmorofusus akitai (Kuroda & Habe, 1961) (original combination)
- Fusinus alisae Hdorn & Fraussen, 2003 : synonym of Chryseofusus alisae
- Fusinus alisonae Hadorn, Snyder & Fraussen, 2008: synonym of Chryseofusus alisonae (Hadorn, Snyder & Fraussen, 2008)
- Fusinus ambustus (Gould, 1853): synonym of Hesperaptyxis ambustus (Gould, 1853)
- Fusinus amiantus :synonym of Amiantofusus amiantus
- Fusinus angeli Russo & Angelidis, 2016 : synonym of Aegeofusinus angeli (Russo & Angelidis, 2016) (original combination)
- Fusinus anguliplicatus Kuroda, 1949: synonym of Fusinus teretron Callomon & Snyder, 2008
- Fusinus ansatus (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of Lyonsifusus ansatus (Gmelin, 1791)
- Fusinus artutus Hadorn & Fraussen, 2003 : synonym of Chryseofusus artutus
- †Fusinus barbarensis (Trask, 1855) – Santa Barbara spindle: synonym of †Barbarofusus barbarensis (Trask, 1855) †
- Fusinus beckii (Reeve, 1848): synonym of Enigmofusus beckii (Reeve, 1848)
- Fusinus benjamini Hadorn & Rolàn, 1997: synonym of Aristofusus benjamini (Hadorn, 1997) (original combination)
- Fusinus bishopi Petuch & Berschauer, 2017: synonym of Marmorofusus bishopi (Petuch & Berschauer, 2017) (original combination)
- Fusinus bonaespei (Barnard, 1959): synonym of Chryseofusus bonaespei (Barnard, 1959)
- Fusinus bountyi Rehder & Wilson, 1975: synonym of Cyrtulus bountyi (Rehder & B. R. Wilson, 1975) (original combination)
- Fusinus bradneri (Drivas & Jay, 1990) : synonym of Chryseofusus bradneri
- Fusinus braziliensis (Grabau, 1904): synonym of Goniofusus brasiliensis (Grabau, 1904)
- Fusinus breviplicatus Kuroda, 1948: synonym of Fusinus teretron Callomon & Snyder, 2008
- Fusinus buxeus (Reeve, 1847); synonym of Viridifusus buxeus (Reeve, 1847)
- Fusinus cadus Hadorn & Fraussen, 2003 : synonym of Chryseofusus cadus
- Fusinus caparti Adam & Knudsen, 1950: synonym of Apertifusus caparti (Adam & Knudsen, 1955)
- Fusinus carvalhoriosi Mascotay & Campos, 2001: synonym of Lyonsifusus carvalhoriosi (Macsotay & Campos, 2001)
- Fusinus ceramidus (Dall, 1889): synonym of Lamellilatirus ceramidus (Dall, 1889)
- Fusinus chrysodomoides (Schepman, 1911) : synonym of Chryseofusus chrysodomoides
- Fusinus cinereus (Reeve, 1847): synonym of Hesperaptyxis cinereus (Reeve, 1847)
- Fusinus colpoicus (Dall, 1909): synonym of Araiofusus colpoicus (Dall, 1915)
- Fusinus coltrorum Hadorn & Rogers, 2000: synonym of Heilprinia coltrorum (Hadorn & Rogers, 2000)
- Fusinus couei (Petit de la Saussaye, 1853) – Yucatan spindle: synonym of Aristofusus couei (Petit de la Saussaye, 1853)
- Fusinus dampieri Finlay, 1930: synonym of Marmorofusus philippii (Jonas, 1846)
- Fusinus dapsilis Hadorn & Fraussen, 2003 : synonym of Chryseofusus dapsilis
- Fusinus dimassai Buzzurro & Russo, 2007: synonym of Pseudofusus dimassai (Buzzurro & Russo, 2007) (superseded combination)
- Fusinus dowianus Olsson, 1954: synonym of Heilprinia dowiana (Olsson, 1954) (original combination)
- Fusinus dupetitthouarsi (Kiener, 1840): synonym of Goniofusus dupetitthouarsi (Kiener, 1840)
- Fusinus edjanssi Callomon & Snyder, 2017: synonym of Callifusus edjanssi (Callomon & Snyder, 2017)
- Fusinus eucosmius (Dall, 1889) – apricot spindle : synonym of Fusinus excavatus (Sowerby II, 1880)
- Fusinus eviae Buzzurro & Russo, 2007: synonym of Aegeofusinus eviae (Buzzurro & Russo, 2007) (original combination)
- Fusinus excavatus (Sowerby II, 1880): synonym of Aristofusus excavatus (G. B. Sowerby II, 1880) (original combination)
- Fusinus faurei (Barnard, 1959): synonym of Granulifusus faurei (Barnard, 1959)
- Fusinus felipensis (Lowe, 1935): synonym of Hesperaptyxis felipensis (H. N. Lowe, 1935) (original combination)
- Fusinus filosus (Schubert & Wagner, 1829): synonym of Polygona filosa (Schubert & J. A. Wagner, 1829)
- Fusinus frailensis Mascotay & Campos, 2001: synonym of Lyonsifusus ansatus (Gmelin, 1791)
- Fusinus fredbakeri Lowe, 1935: synonym of Hesperaptyxis fredbakeri (H. N. Lowe, 1935) (original combination)
- Fusinus frenguellii (Carcelles, 1953): synonym of Apertifusus frenguellii (Carcelles, 1953)
- Fusinus galatheae Powell, 1967: synonym of Cyrtulus galatheae (Powell, 1967) (original combination)
- Fusinus galatheae bountyi Rehder & Wilson, 1975: synonym of Cyrtulus bountyi (Rehder & B. R. Wilson, 1975)
- Fusinus genticus (Iredale, 1936): synonym of Cyrtulus genticus (Iredale, 1936)
- Fusinus harfordii (Stearns, 1871): synonym of Harfordia harfordii (Stearns, 1871)
- Fusinus helenae Bartsch, 1939 – brown spindle: synonym of Aristofusus helenae (Bartsch, 1939) (original combination)
- Fusinus hyphalus M. Smith, 1940 : synonym of Chryseofusus hyphalus
- Fusinus grabaui Kuroda & Habe, 1952 : synonym of Fusinus nodosoplicatus
- Fusinus graciliformis (G.B. Sowerby II, 1880) : synonym of Chryseofusus graciliformis
- Fusinus indicus (Anton, 1838): synonym of Marmorofusus tuberculatus (Lamarck, 1822)
- Fusinus irregularis (Grabau, 1904): synonym of Callifusus irregularis (Grabau, 1904)
- Fusinus josei Hadorn & Rogers, 2000: synonym of Apertifusus josei (Hadorn & Rogers, 2000) (original combination)
- Fusinus jurgeni Hadorn & Fraussen, 2002 : synonym of Chryseofusus jurgeni
- Fusinus kazdailisi Fraussen & Hadorn, 2000 : synonym of Chryseofusus kazdailisi
- Fusinus kilburni Hadorn, 1999: synonym of Cyrtulus kilburni (Hadorn, 1999) (original combination)
- Fusinus kobelti (Dall, 1877): synonym of Barbarofusus kobelti (Dall, 1877)
- Fusinus laticostatus (Deshayes, 1831): synonym of Marmorofusus undulatus (Gmelin, 1791)
- Fusinus leptorhynchus (Tapparone-Canefri, 1875): synonym of Marmorofusus leptorhynchus (Tapperoni Canefri, 1875)
- Fusinus luteopictus (Dall, 1877): synonym of Hesperaptyxis luteopictus (Dall, 1877)
- Fusinus margaritae Buzzurro & Russo, 2007: synonym of Aegeofusinus margaritae (Buzzurro & Russo, 2007)
- Fusinus martinezi Macsotay & Campos, 2001: synonym of Lyonsifusus ansatus (Gmelin, 1791)
- Fusinus mauiensis Callomon & Snyder, 2006: synonym of Cyrtulus mauiensis (Callomon & Snyder, 2006)
- Fusinus meyeri (Dunker, 1869): synonym of Apertifusus meyeri (Dunker, 1869)
- Fusinus michaelrogersi Goodwin, 2001: synonym of Marmorofusus michaelrogersi (Goodwin, 2001)
- Fusinus monksae Dall, 1915 : synonym of Fusinus robustus (Trask, 1855)
- Fusinus nicki Snyder, 2002: synonym of Enigmofusus nicki (Snyder, 2002)
- Fusinus nicobaricus (Röding, 1798): synonym of Marmorofusus nicobaricus (Röding, 1798)
- Fusinus nigrirostratus (E. A. Smith, 1879): synonym of Marmorofusus nigrirostratus (E. A. Smith, 1879)
- Fusinus novaehollandiae (Reeve, 1846): synonym of Propefusus novaehollandiae (Reeve, 1848)
- Fusinus oblitus (Reeve, 1847): synonym of Marmorofusus oblitus (Reeve, 1847)
- Fusinus ocelliferus (Lamarck, 1816): synonym of Africofusus ocelliferus (Lamarck, 1816)
- Fusinus panamensis Dall, 1908 : synonym of Fusinus spectrum
- Fusinus patriciae Russo & Olivieri in Russo, 2013: synonym of Aegeofusinus patriciae (Russo & Olivieri, 2013)
- Fusinus pearsoni Snyder, 2002 : synonym of Fusolatirus pearsoni (Snyder, 2002)
- Fusinus polygonoides (Lamarck, 1822): synonym of Marmorofusus polygonoides (Lamarck, 1822)
- Fusinus profetai Nofroni, 1982: synonym of Aegeofusinus profetai (Nofroni, 1982)
- Fusinus pyrulatus (Reeve, 1847): synonym of Propefusus undulatus (Perry, 1811)
- Fusinus retiarius (Martens, 1901): synonym of Vermeijius retiarius (E. von Martens, 1901)
- Fusinus riscus Hdorn & Fraussen, 2003 : synonym of Chryseofusus riscus
- Fusinus robustus (Trask, 1855): synonym of Harfordia robusta (Trask, 1855)
- Fusinus rolani Buzzurro & Ovalis, 2005: synonym of Aegeofusinus rolani (Buzzurro & Ovalis, 2005)
- Fusinus rostratus (Olivi, 1792): synonym of Pseudofusus rostratus (Olivi, 1792)
- Fusinus rusticulus (Monterosato, 1880): synonym of Pseudofusus rusticulus (Monterosato, 1880)
- Fusinus rutilus Nicolay & Berthelot, 1996: synonym of Ariefusus rutilus (Nicolay & Berthelot, 1996)
- Fusinus sanctaeluciae : redirected to Fusinus rostratus
- Fusinus satsumaensis Hadorn & Chino, 2005 : synonym of Chryseofusus satsumaensis
- Fusinus scissus Hadorn & Fraussen, 2003 : synonym of Chryseofusus scissus
- Fusinus similis (Baird, 1873): synonym of Cyrtulus similis (Baird, 1873)
- Fusinus spectrum (A. Adams & Reeve, 1848): synonym of Goniofusus spectrum (A. Adams & Reeve, 1848)
- Fusinus stegeri Lyons, 1978 – ornamented spindle: synonym of Aristofusus stegeri (Lyons, 1978)
- Fusinus strigatus (Philippi, 1850): synonym of Goniofusus strigatus (Philippi, 1850)
- Fusinus subangulatus (von Martens, 1901) : synonym of Chryseofusus subangulatus
- Fusinus suturalis Nordsieck, 1972: synonym of Fusinus parvulus (Monterosato, 1884)
- Fusinus syracusanus (Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of Aptyxis syracusana (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Fusinus syracusanus var. rissoianus Locard, 1892: synonym of Aptyxis syracusana (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Fusinus syracusanus var. rubra Scacchi, 1836: synonym of Aptyxis syracusana (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Fusinus syracusanus var. umbilicata Coen, 1922: synonym of Aptyxis syracusana (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Fusinus tessellatus (G.B. Sowerby II, 1880): synonym of Marmorofusus philippii (Jonas, 1846)
- Fusinus timessus (Dall, 1889): synonym of Heilprinia timessa (Dall, 1889)
- Fusinus toreuma: synonym of Fusinus colus
- Fusinus tuberculatus (Lamarck, 1822): synonym of Marmorofusus tuberculatus (Lamarck, 1822)
- Fusinus tuberosus (Reeve, 1847): synonym of Marmorofusus tuberosus (Reeve, 1847)
- Fusinus turris (Valenciennes, 1832): synonym of Goniofusus turris (Valenciennes, 1832)
- Fusinus undatus (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of Cyrtulus undatus (Gmelin, 1791)
- Fusinus undulatus (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of Marmorofusus undulatus (Gmelin, 1791)
- Fusinus valdiviae Hadorn & Fraussen, 1999 : synonym of Chryseofusus graciliformis
- Fusinus verbinneni Snyder, 2006: synonym of Marmorofusus verbinneni (Snyder, 2006)
- Fusinus vercoi Snyder, 2004: synonym of Marmorofusus vercoi (Snyder, 2004)
- Fusinus verrucosus (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of Marmorofusus verrucosus (Gmelin, 1791)
- Fusinus virginiae Hadorn & Fraussen, 2002: synonym of Vermeijius virginiae (Hadorn & Fraussen, 2002)
- Fusinus wareni Hadorn & Fraussen, 2003 : synonym of Chryseofusus scissus
- Fusinus wellsi Snyder, 2004: synonym of Marmorofusus wellsi (Snyder, 2004)
- Fusinus westralis Hadorn & Fraussen, 2003 : synonym of Chryseofusus westralis
- Fusinus williami Poppe & Tagaro, 2006: synonym of Granulifusus williami (Poppe & Tagaro, 2006)
References
- ^ Rafinesque C. S. (1815). Analyse de la nature : or, Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés. p. [145].
- ^ a b c Bouchet, Philippe (2018). Bieler R, Bouchet P, Gofas S, Marshall B, Rosenberg G, La Perna R, Neubauer TA, Sartori AF, Schneider S, Vos C, ter Poorten JJ, Taylor J, Dijkstra H, Finn J, Bank R, Neubert E, Moretzsohn F, Faber M, Houart R, Picton B, Garcia-Alvarez O (eds.). "Fusinus Rafinesque, 1815". MolluscaBase. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
- ^ "Opinion 1765". Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 51 (2): 159. 1994.
- ^ "Fusinus". Fossilworks. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
- ^ "Fusinus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- ^ Powell A. W. B. (1979). New Zealand Mollusca. Auckland, New Zealand: William Collins Publishers Ltd. ISBN 0-00-216906-1.
- Buzzurro G. & Russo P. (2007). Fusinus del Mediterraneo. published by the authors
You must be logged in to post a comment.