Voiced postalveolar affricate

Voiced postalveolar affricate
dʒ
ʤ
IPA number104 135
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal)d​͡​ʒ
Unicode (hex)U+0064 U+0361 U+0292
X-SAMPAdZ

A voiced palato-alveolar sibilant affricate, voiced post-alveolar affricate, or voiced domed postalveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It is familiar to English-speakers as the "j" sound in "jump".

This sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨d͡ʒ⟩, ⟨d͜ʒ⟩, ⟨dʒ⟩, or in some broad transcriptions ⟨ɟ⟩. There is also a ligature ⟨ʤ⟩, which has been retired by the International Phonetic Association but is still used. Alternatives used in the Americanist tradition are ⟨ǰ⟩, ⟨ǧ⟩, ⟨ǯ⟩ and ⟨dž⟩.

Features

Features of a voiced postalveolar affricate:

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Abkhaz аџыр [ad͡ʒər] 'steel' See Abkhaz phonology
Adyghe джанэ [d͡ʒaːna]ⓘ 'dress'
Albanian xham [d͡ʒam] 'glass'
Amharic እንጀራ [ɨnd͡ʒəra] 'injera'
Arabic Modern Standard[1] جَـرَس [d͡ʒaras] 'bell' In other standards and dialects, corresponds to [ɡ] or [ʒ]. See Arabic phonology
Hejazi جــيب/jēb [d͡ʒe̞ːb] 'pocket' Pronounced [ʒ] by some speakers. See Hejazi Arabic phonology
Armenian Eastern[2] ջուր [d͡ʒuɾ] 'water'
Western ճանճ [d͡ʒɑnd͡ʒ] 'musca (fly)'
Assyrian ܓ̰ܝܪܐ s [d͡ʒjɑɾɑ] 'to pee' Used in native terminology. Used predominantly in Urmia and some Jilu dialects. [ɟ] is used in other varieties.
Azerbaijani can [d͡ʒɑn] 'soul'
Bengali জল [d͡ʒɔl] 'water' Contrasts with the aspirated form. See Bengali phonology
Bulgarian джудже [d͡ʒʊˈd͡ʒɛ] 'dwarf' See Bulgarian phonology
Catalan jutge [ˈʒu(d).d͡ʒə] 'judge' See Catalan phonology
Chechen джерво / jyerwo [d͡ʒjerwo] 'previously married woman'
Chinese Quzhou dialect 重 / zon [d͡ʒõ] 'heavy'
Coptic ϫⲉ/je [d͡ʒe] 'that'
Czech džbán [d͡ʒbaːn] 'jug' See Czech phonology
Dhivehi ޖަރާސީމު / jarásímu [d͡ʒaraːsiːmu] 'germs' See Dhivehi phonology
Dutch jeans [d͡ʒiːns] 'jeans' Some say [ʒiːns]. Occurs mainly in loanwords.
English jeans [ˈd͡ʒiːnz] 'jeans' See English phonology
Esperanto manĝaĵo [manˈd͡ʒaʒo̞] 'food' See Esperanto phonology
Estonian džäss [ˈd̥ʒæsː] 'jazz' Rare, occurs only in loanwords. See Estonian phonology
Finnish džonkki [ˈdʒo̞ŋkːi] 'junk (ship)' Rare, occurs only in loanwords. See Finnish phonology
French adjonction [ad͡ʒɔ̃ksjɔ̃] 'addition' Rare. Also occurs in loanwords. See French phonology
Georgian[3] ჯიბე/jibe [d͡ʒibɛ] 'pocket'
German Standard[4] Dschungel [ˈd͡ʒʊŋəl] 'jungle' Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized.[4] Some speakers may merge it with /t͡ʃ/. Occurs mainly in loanwords. See Standard German phonology
Goemai [example needed] [d͡ʒaːn] 'twins'
Hebrew Standard ג׳וק/juk [d͡ʒuk] 'cockroach' Only used in loanwords. See Modern Hebrew phonology
Temani גָּדוֹל‎/jaďol [d͡ʒaðol] 'big, great' Yemenite Hebrew pronunciation of gimel with dageš. See Yemenite Hebrew
Hindustani Hindi जाना/jānā [d͡ʒäːnäː] 'to go' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology
Urdu جـانا/jānā
Hungarian lándzsa [laːnd͡ʒɒ] 'spear' Rare, mostly in loanwords. See Hungarian phonology
Indonesian jarak [ˈd͡ʒaraʔ] 'distance'
Italian[5] gemma [ˈd͡ʒɛmma] 'gem' [dʒ] occurs when letter 'G' is before front vowels [e], [i] and [ɛ], while when 'G' is in front of vowels [o], [a], [u] and [ɔ] the phoneme changes to a voiced velar plosive.
Kabyle lǧiran [id͡ʒiræn] 'the neighbors'
Kashubian[6] dłudżi [ˈdwu.d͡ʒi] 'long'
Khortha[7] जओनअइर [d͡ʒonʱair] 'maize'
Kurdish Northern cîger [d͡ʒiːˈɡɛɾ] 'lung' See Kurdish phonology
Central جــەرگ [d͡ʒɛɾg] 'liver'
Southern [d͡ʒæɾg]
Kyrgyz жаман / caman [d͡ʒaman] 'bad' See Kyrgyz phonology
Ladino djudyó/גﬞודיו [d͡ʒudˈjo] 'Jew'
Latvian dadži [dad͡ʒi] 'thistles' See Latvian phonology
Limburgish Hasselt dialect[8] djèn [d͡ʒɛːn²] 'Eugene' See Hasselt dialect phonology
Lithuanian džiaugsmingas [d͡ʒɛʊɡʲsʲˈmʲɪnɡɐs] 'gladsome' See Lithuanian phonology
Macedonian џемпер/džemper [ˈd͡ʒɛmpɛr] 'sweater' See Macedonian phonology
Malay jahat [d͡ʒahat] 'evil'
Malayalam ജീവൻ/jeevan [d͡ʒiːʋɐn] 'life' See Malayalam phonology
Maltese ġabra [d͡ʒab.ra] 'collection'
Manchu ᠵᡠᠸᡝ/juwe [d͡ʒuwe] 'two'
Marathi जय/jay [d͡ʒəj] 'victory' Contrasts with the aspirated form. Allophone [dʑ] and [d̪z]. See Marathi phonology
Occitan Languedocien jove [ˈd͡ʒuβe] 'young' See Occitan phonology
Provençal [ˈd͡ʒuve]
Odia ଜମି/jami [d͡ʒɔmi] 'land' Contrasts with aspirated form.See Odia phonology
Ojibwe iijikiwenh [iːd͡ʒikiwẽːʔ] 'brother' See Ojibwe phonology
Pashto جــګ/jeg [d͡ʒeɡ] 'high'
Persian کـجـا/koja [kod͡ʒɒ] 'where' See Persian phonology
Polish Standard liczba [ˈlid͡ʐ.ba] 'number'
Gmina Istebna dziwny [ˈd͡ʒivn̪ɘ] 'strange' /ɖ͡ʐ/ and /d͡ʑ/ merge into [d͡ʒ] in these dialects. In standard Polish, /d͡ʒ/ is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal voiced retroflex affricate.
Lubawa dialect[9]
Malbork dialect[9]
Ostróda dialect[9]
Warmia dialect[9]
Portuguese Most Brazilian dialects[10] grande [ˈɡɾɐ̃d͡ʒ(i)] 'big' Allophone of /d/ before /i, ĩ/ (including when the vowel is elided) and other instances of [i] (e.g. epenthesis), marginal sound otherwise.
Most dialects jambalaya [d͡ʒɐ̃bɐˈlajɐ] 'jambalaya' In free variation with /ʒ/ in a few recent loanwords. See Portuguese phonology
Romanian ger [ˈd͡ʒɛ̝r] 'frost' See Romanian phonology
Sardinian Campidanese géneru [ˈd͡ʒɛneru] 'son-in-law'
Scottish Gaelic Dia [d͡ʒia] 'God' See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian Some speakers џем / džem [d͡ʒê̞m] 'jam' May be laminal retroflex instead, depending on the dialect. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Bosnian ђаво / đavo [d͡ʒâ̠ʋo̞ː] 'devil' Most Croatian and some Bosnian speakers merge /d͡ʒ/ and /d͡ʑ/, either to [d͡ʒ] or laminal [ɖ͡ʐ].
Croatian
Silesian Gmina Istebna[11] [example needed] These dialects merge /ɖ͡ʐ/ and /d͡ʑ/ into [d͡ʒ].
Jablunkov[11] [example needed]
Slovene enačba [eˈnáːd͡ʒbà] 'equation' Allophone of /t͡ʃ/ before voiced obstruents in native words. As a phoneme present only in loanwords. See Slovene phonology
Somali joog [d͡ʒoːɡ] 'stop' See Somali phonology
Spanish conllevar [kondʒeˈβaɾ] 'carry' Rare, more commonly [ʝ], [ɟʝ], or [ʒ]. See Spanish phonology, Yeísmo.[12]
Tagalog diyan [d͡ʒän] 'there' Used to pronounce the multigraphs ⟨dy⟩ and ⟨diy⟩ in native words and ⟨j⟩ in loanwords outside Spanish. For more information, see Tagalog phonology.
Tamil இஞ்சி [in̠ʲd͡ʒi] 'ginger' Allophone of /tʃ/ after /ɲ/ natively; also occurs in loans, but the standard form tends to merge to /s/ or /tʃ/ elsewhere. See Tamil phonology.
Tatar Mishar Dialect[13] can / җан [d͡ʒɑn] 'soul' In standard Tatar (Kazan dialect), the sound for letter <c/җ> is [ʑ].
Turkish acı [äˈd͡ʒɯ] 'pain' See Turkish phonology
Turkmen jar [d͡ʒär] 'ravine'
Tyap jem [d͡ʒem] 'hippopotamus'
Ubykh amcan[citation needed] [amd͡ʒan] See Ubykh phonology
Ukrainian[14] джерело/džerelo [d͡ʒɛrɛˈlɔ] 'source' See Ukrainian phonology
Uyghur coza / جوزا [d͡ʒozɑ] 'desk' See Uyghur phonology
Uzbek jahon / жаҳон [d͡ʒaˈhɒn] 'world'
Welsh siop jips [ʃɔp d͡ʒɪps] 'chip shop' Occurs as the colloquial soft mutation of /t͡ʃ/. See Colloquial Welsh morphology
West Frisian siedzje [ˈʃɪd͡ʒə] 'to sow' See West Frisian phonology
Yiddish דזשוכע/juche [d͡ʒʊxə] 'insect' See Yiddish phonology
Zapotec Tilquiapan[15] dxan [d͡ʒaŋ] 'god'

Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate

Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate
d̠ɹ̠᷵
dɹ̝᫢
Audio sample

Features

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
English Australian[16] dream [ˈd̠͡ɹ̠᷵iːm] 'dream' Phonetic realization of the stressed, syllable-initial sequence /dr/.[16][17] In General American and Received Pronunciation, the less common alternative is alveolar [d͡ɹ̝].[17] See Australian English phonology and English phonology
General American[17] [ˈd̠͡ɹ̠᷵ʷim]
Received Pronunciation[17] [ˈd̠͡ɹ̠᷵ʷɪi̯m]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Watson (2002:16)
  2. ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
  3. ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
  4. ^ a b Mangold (2005:51–52)
  5. ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
  6. ^ Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-11-16.
  7. ^ Paudyal, Netra P. (2025). A Grammar of Khortha, in Brill's Studies in South and Southwest Asian Languages. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004712676. ISBN 978-90-04-71266-9.
  8. ^ Peters (2006:119)
  9. ^ a b c d Dubisz, Karaś & Kolis (1995:62)
  10. ^ Barbosa & Albano (2004:228)
  11. ^ a b Dąbrowska (2004:?)
  12. ^ Lipski, John M. (1989). "SPANISH YEÍSMO AND THE PALATAL RESONANTS: TOWARDS A UNIFIED ANALYSIS" (PDF). Probus. 1 (2). doi:10.1515/prbs.1989.1.2.211. S2CID 170139844.[dead link]
  13. ^ Leitzinger, Antero: Mishäärit – Suomen vanha islamilainen yhteisö. Helsinki: Kirja-Leitzinger, 1996. ISBN 952-9752-08-3. (p. 45)
  14. ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
  15. ^ Merrill (2008:108)
  16. ^ a b Cox & Fletcher (2017), p. 144.
  17. ^ a b c d Cruttenden (2014), pp. 177, 186–188, 192.

References

  • Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
  • Cox, Felicity; Fletcher, Janet (2017) [First published 2012], Australian English Pronunciation and Transcription (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-316-63926-9
  • Cruttenden, Alan (2014), Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 978-1-4441-8309-2
  • Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 978-3-929075-08-3
  • Dąbrowska, Anna (2004), Język polski, Wrocław: wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie, ISBN 83-7384-063-X
  • Dubisz, Stanisław; Karaś, Halina; Kolis, Nijola (1995), Dialekty i gwary polskie, Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna, ISBN 83-214-0989-X
  • Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
  • Mangold, Max (2005) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Mannheim: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04066-7
  • Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
  • Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
  • Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
  • Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
  • Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
  • Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0
allikas: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate