Serdang Malay (Serdang Malay: Bahase Melayu Serdang, Jawi: بهاسي ملايو سردڠ) is a Malayic language primarily spoken by the Malay people living in Serdang Bedagai Regency, the city of Tebing Tinggi, and eastern part of Deli Serdang Regency in North Sumatra, Indonesia. It is closely related to other Malay varieties spoken in the eastern coast of Sumatra such as Deli Malay and Langkat Malay.[2] While Serdang Malay is the indigenous language of Serdang, it is no longer dominant due to migration from other parts of Indonesia, including Java and Kalimantan.[3] Despite these influences, Serdang Malay is still widely spoken as the lingua franca and a common language for social interaction in Serdang. It coexists with migrant languages like Javanese and Banjarese. Many migrants, including the Banjar and Batak groups such as the Karo and Mandailing people, are also proficient in Serdang Malay.[4] The language has been influenced by other Indonesian languages, especially Banjarese, brought by Banjar migrants from South Kalimantan. Their influence can be seen in Serdang Malay's phonology and morphology.[5]

Serdang Malay is mainly used in informal settings, while standard Indonesian is reserved for formal contexts such as schools and government institutions. The role of Serdang Malay is evident in daily interactions, including greetings, casual conversations on the street or in markets, and discussions in rice fields, on the beach, and other communal spaces. It is primarily a spoken language, whereas written communication is typically in standard Indonesian. For instance, letters to family members, as well as sermons in mosques and prayer halls, are usually delivered in Indonesian or Arabic.[6] It is also used for traditional Malay ceremonies and rituals. The traditional ceremonies of the Serdang Malay people are closely tied to the belief system of their ancestors, which continues to be practiced today.[6] In these ceremonies, Serdang Malay plays a vital role. The language used in traditional rituals differs from everyday colloquial Serdang Malay. This distinction is marked by specific variations, particularly in word choice kinship terms, and the noble language of the Malay aristocracy, which is rarely used in daily conversation.[6]

Classification

Serdang Malay is a Malayic language. Speakers of Malayic languages are spread from Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Southern Thailand, to the southernmost part of the Philippines. Malay is a member of the Austronesian family of languages, which includes languages from Taiwan, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Ocean, with a smaller number in continental Asia. Malagasy, a geographic outlier spoken in Madagascar in the Indian Ocean, is also a member of this language family. Although these languages are not necessarily mutually intelligible to any extent, their similarities are often quite apparent. In more conservative languages like Malay, many roots have come with relatively little change from their common ancestor, Proto-Austronesian. There are many cognates found in the languages' words for kinship, health, body parts and common animals. Numbers, especially, show remarkable similarities.[7]

Serdang Malay is closely related to other Malay varieties spoken along the eastern coast of North Sumatra, including Asahan Malay, Deli Malay, Langkat Malay, and Panai Malay.[2] Collectively, these varieties are classified as the East Sumatran Malay group.[8] It is estimated that the differences between these dialects ranges from 51% to 71.50%.[9] The differences between these varieties primarily lie in their phonology and lexicon. Despite these differences, they share a high degree of similarity.

Geographic distribution and usage

Serdang Malay is mainly spoken in areas that were once part of the Serdang Sultanate, including Serdang Bedagai Regency, and eastern part of Deli Serdang Regency. It is also spoken in Tebing Tinggi city, where many Serdang Malays migrants from Serdang Bedagai have settled.[10] It is spoken in areas with significant Malay populations, such as Perbaungan, which was the royal capital of the Serdang Sultanate and the cultural center of the Serdang Malays community, as well as Pantai Cermin and Teluk Mengkudu in Serdang Bedagai Regency, and also Lubuk Pakam, the capital of Deli Serdang Regency.[11][12] In Tanjung Beringin, especially in the village of Nagur on the southeast coast of the regency, Serdang Malay is spoken by the ethnic Malay who are collectively called Tanjung Beringin Malays, also by Javanese minority. This dialect relies mainly on changing the letter [a] to the letter [o], similar to Batubara Malay, unlike other dialects of Serdang Malay which change to the letter [e].[13][14]

Serdang Malay is primarily used in daily social interactions and traditional ceremonies. Its role is particularly significant in everyday communication, not only among the Serdang Malay community but also among migrant groups such as the Banjar, Mandailing, and Javanese.[6] The traditional ceremonies of the Serdang Malay people are closely tied to the belief system of their ancestors, which continues to be practiced today. These traditions are expressed through various rituals, including engagement, marriage, housewarming, jamu laut (sea offerings), melenggang perut or mandi tian (prenatal rituals), membelah mulut (a baby's first tooth-cutting ceremony), and others.[6] In these ceremonies, Serdang Malay plays a significant role. However, in religious ceremonies, its presence is less prominent. Sermons in mosques, funeral rites, and wedding vows are typically conducted in Arabic, with Indonesian also commonly used.[6]

The use of Serdang Malay in daily life coexists with the languages of migrant communities, such as Banjarese, Javanese, Minangkabau, and Karo. Many Banjar, Karo, and Mandailing people can speak Serdang Malay, and vice versa.[4] In formal education and government, Serdang Malay is no longer used. It remains primarily spoken within families and during traditional ceremonies, while standard Indonesian is used in formal settings. Indonesian, which evolved from Johor-Riau Malay, became the language of instruction in Serdang's formal education system in the early 20th century during the Dutch colonial era. This shift was marked by the establishment of madrasahs, elementary schools, junior high schools, senior high schools, and vocational schools.[1] Many Serdang Malay speakers frequently code-switch or code-mix between Serdang Malay and Indonesian. The growing influence of Indonesian has triggered a language shift, posing a threat to the Serdang Malay community. Younger generations are becoming increasingly reluctant to speak Serdang Malay, while local terms are gradually being replaced by their Indonesian equivalents.[15]

Phonology

Serdang Malay, like many other regional languages in Indonesia, lacks a standardized phonological system. Nevertheless, many of the phonological system designed for Serdang Malay is loosely based on standard Indonesian orthography, especially the system created by the Indonesian Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology.

Vowels

Like Indonesian and Standard Malay, Serdang Malay has six vowels. These vowels are /i/, /e/, /ə/, /a/, /u/, and /o/.[16]

Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid e ə o
Open a

Notes:

  • In writing, /e/ and /ə/ are both represented as ⟨e⟩.

Consonants

Serdang Malay has 19 consonants.[17]

Labial Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Uvular Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Plosive/

Affricate

voiceless p t t͡ʃ k ʔ
voiced b d d͡ʒ ɡ
Fricative voiceless s h
voiced
Approximant w l j
Trill ʀ̥

Notes: In writing, the following phonemes are represented as thus:

  • /ŋ/ is ⟨ng⟩
  • /ɲ/ is ⟨ny⟩
  • /t͡ʃ/ is ⟨c⟩
  • /d͡ʒ/ is ⟨j⟩
  • /ʔ/ is ⟨k⟩
  • /j/ is ⟨y⟩
  • /ʀ̥/ is ⟨r⟩

Diphthongs

Serdang Malay has 3 diphthongs.[18] The following examples illustrate their usage:

  • /au/: ijau 'green'
  • /ai/: pantai 'beach'
  • /oi/: amboi '(interjection that expresses surprise, pity, or admiration)'

Grammar

Main article: Malay grammar

Along with Indonesian, standard Malay, and other Malayic languages, the word order in Serdang Malay is typically subject-verb-object (SVO). While there are notable exceptions, the grammar structure of Serdang Malay shares many similarities with Indonesian and Standard Malay.

Affixes

The affixes found in Serdang Malay are of four types: prefixes, suffixes, circumfixes, and compound affixes.[19] The table below presents a list of some examples of affixes used in Serdang Malay, along with their allomorphs, meanings, and examples:

Type of affixes Affixes Allomorphs Functions and meanings Example of basic word Example of derived word
Prefixes meN- mem-, men-, me-, ny-, meng, ng- Used to form verbs or adjectives. It conveys the meaning of ‘performing an action’ when combined with a verb and ‘expressing a quality as described by the root word’ when combined with an adjective.[20] itam 'black' ngitam 'to become black'
beR- be-, ber- Used to form verbs. It conveys the meaning of ‘having an object as described by the root word’ when combined with a noun, ‘being in a state or performing an action’ when combined with a verb, ‘possessing a quality as described by the root word’ when combined with an adjective, and ‘becoming a group totaling...’ when combined with a numeral.[21] sabar 'patience' besabar 'to be patient'
peN- pem-, pen-, peny-, pe-, peng- Used to form nouns. It conveys the meaning of ‘forming the meaning of ‘a person who [does something] or a tool for [doing something]’ when combined with a noun or verb, and ‘expressing a quality as described by the root word’ when combined with an adjective.[22] sapu 'broom' penyapu 'sweeper'
teR- te-, ter- Used to form verbs or adjectives. It conveys the meaning of ‘arriving at…’ when combined with a noun, ‘by accident’ when combined with a verb, and ‘most’ when combined with an adjective.[23] lagak 'pretty' telagak 'prettiest'
se- none Used to form adjectives and numerals. It conveys the meaning of ‘one’ when combined with a noun and ‘indicating equality’ when combined with an adjective.[24] burok 'bad' seburok 'as bad as'
di- none Used to form verbs. It conveys the meaning of ‘performing a task with the object described by the root word’ when combined with a noun and ‘performing a task according to the root word’ when combined with a verb.[25] jale 'net' dijale 'to be caught using a net'
Suffixes -i none Used to form verbs. It conveys the meaning of ‘performing a task with…’ or ‘discarding or killing’ when combined with a noun, ‘repetitive’ when combined with a verb, and ‘causative’ when combined with an adjective.[26] kulit 'skin' kuliti 'to skin something'
-ke none Used to form verbs. It conveys the meaning of ‘performing a task as described by the root word’ when combined with a noun, ‘performing a task for someone else’ or ‘causative’ when combined with a verb, and ‘causative’ when combined with an adjective or numerals.[27] sejok 'cold' sejokke 'to make something become cold'
-an none Used to form nouns. It conveys the meaning of ‘location or what is [verb]-ed’ when combined with a verb and ‘more [adjective]’ when combined with an adjective.[28] asam 'sour' asaman 'more sour'
Circumfixes ke-...-an none Used to form nouns. It conveys the meaning of ‘indicating a location’ when combined with a noun, ‘indicating an abstraction or thing’ when combined with a noun and ‘known or suffering or an abstraction’ when combined with an adjective.[29] raje 'king' kerajean 'kingdom'
beR-...-an be-, ber- Used to form verbs. It conveys the meaning of ‘mutual’ or ‘an action from the root word performed by many actors at the same time’ when combined with a verb, and ‘many [adjective]’ when combined with an adjective.[30] pukol 'to hit' bepukolan 'to hit one another'
peN-...-an pem-, pen-, peny-, pe-, peng- Used to form nouns. It conveys the meaning of ‘thing or result’ when combined with a verb or adjective.[31] jual 'to sell' penjualan 'sales'
peR-...-an pe-, peR- Used to form nouns. It conveys the meaning of ‘things related to what is mentioned in the root word,’ ‘area,’ or ‘place’ when combined with a noun or verb.[32] perang 'war' peperangan 'things related to wars'
Compound affixes meN-...-ke mem-, men-, me-, ny-, meng, ng- Used to form verbs. It conveys the meaning of ‘performing a task according to the root word’ when combined with a verb, and ‘making it as described by the root word’ when combined with an adjective or verb.[33] angkat 'to lift' ngangkatke 'performing the task of lifting'
meN-...-i mem-, men-, me-, ny-, meng, ng- Used to form verbs. It conveys the meaning of ‘giving or discarding as described by the root word’ when combined with a noun, ‘performing a repetitive task or many actors performing the task’ when combined with a verb, and ‘making/causing (the object) as described by the root word’ when combined with an adjective.[34] garam 'salt' menggarami 'to add salt to something'
di-...-ke none Used to form verbs.It conveys the meaning of ‘performing a task as described by the root word’ when combined with a verb or adjective.[35] lebar 'wide' dilebarke 'to be widened'
di-...-kenye none Used to form verbs. It conveys the meaning of ‘performing a task as described by the root word’ when combined with a noun, verb, or adjective.[36] cabot 'to pluck' dicabotkenye 'performing the task of plucking'
teR-...-i te-, ter- Used to form verbs. It conveys the meaning of ‘can be [verb]’ when combined with a noun, verb, or adjective.[37] dekat 'near' tedekati 'can be approached'

Reduplication

In Serdang Malay, as in other varieties of Malay, reduplication is also present. Reduplication in Serdang Malay does not change the word class.[38] Reduplication serves several functions, such as indicating plurality, expressing repeated actions, conveying reciprocity, indicating ‘somewhat’ or ‘rather,’ describing quality, condition, or characteristic as stated in the root word, and denoting distributive quantity within groups.[39] There are two types of reduplication in Serdang Malay: base-form reduplication and affixed-form reduplication.[37]

Examples of base-form reduplication are shown below:

  • tingkap 'window' → tingkap-tingkap 'windows'
  • daon 'leaf' → daon-daon 'leaves'
  • malu 'shy' → malu-malu 'a bit shy'
  • panjang 'long' → panjang-panjang 'long things'

Examples of affixed-form reduplication are shown below:

  • meriah 'crowded' → semeriah-meriahnye 'as crowded as possible'
  • dekap 'to hug' → bedekap-dekapan 'to hug one another'
  • bual 'to talk' → bebual-bual 'to chat repetitively'
  • lari 'to run' → berlari-lari 'to run around repetitively'

Nouns

Nouns in Serdang Malay have several characteristics. They can function as the subject, predicate, and object in a sentence. They can be accompanied by the morphemes nun or yan meaning ‘that’ and ne or nen meaning ‘this.’ They can also be followed by the morpheme nang meaning ‘who/which.’ Additionally, nouns can take affixes such as peN-, peN-...-an, peR-...-an, -an, and ke-...-an.[40] They can be pluralized through reduplication and can be replaced by the pronouns die meaning ‘he/she’ and mereke meaning ‘they.’ In Serdang Malay, nouns can be classified into four types based on their ability to be preceded by classifiers when expressing quantity. The first type consists of nouns that can be preceded by the classifier buah, which is used for inanimate objects, large items, or general things. The second type includes nouns that can be preceded by ekor, a classifier specifically used for animals. The third type includes nouns that can be preceded by orang ‘person’ when specifying quantity. The fourth type consists of uncountable nouns.[40]

Examples of nouns that can be preceded by the classifier buah are shown below:

  • due buah kelamber 'two coconuts'
  • tujoh buah pisang 'seven bananas'

Examples of nouns that can be preceded by the classifier ekor are shown below:

  • tige ekor ikan 'three fishes'
  • lime ekor ketam 'five crabs'

Examples of nouns that can be preceded by the classifier orang are shown below:

  • lapan orang pendudok 'eight locals'
  • enam orang nelayan 'six fishermen'

Examples of uncountable nouns are shown below:

  • kebahagian 'happiness'
  • kesejokan 'coldness'

Verbs

Verbs in Serdang Malay have several characteristics. They tend to function as predicates, can be followed by adjectives, and can be preceded by particles. They can take various affixes, including me-, beR-, beR-...-an, -ke, -i, meN-...-ke, meN-...-i, teR-, teR-...-ke, and teR-...-i. Additionally, verbs can be made passive by adding the affixes di-, di-...-ke, and di-...-i.[41] Serdang Malay verbs can be categorized into three types: verbs that can be followed by a single noun, verbs that can be followed by a noun phrase, and verbs that are not followed by a noun (intransitive verbs).[42]

Examples of verbs that can be followed by a single noun are shown below:

  • membawe padi 'to bring crops'
  • menjual mempelam 'to sell mangoes'

Examples of verbs that can be followed by a noun phrase are shown below:

  • menebang pokok kelamber 'to cut down a coconut tree'
  • nyari jarom jaet 'to find a sewing needle'

Examples of intransitive verbs are shown below:

  • beputar 'to turn'
  • benyanyi 'to sing'

Adjectives

Adjectives in Serdang Malay have several characteristics. They can be followed or preceded by nouns, preceded by verbs, followed by particles as intensifiers, and take the suffix -an to indicate a comparative degree.[43] There are three types of adjectives in Serdang Malay: the positive form, the comparative form, and the superlative form. The positive form is used to describe a simple or neutral quality, without any comparison. The comparative form expresses a difference in degree between two entities, typically indicating that something is more or less than another, and can be marked by the prefix se- or the suffix -an. The superlative form indicates the highest or extreme degree of a quality, often describing the most or least of something in comparison, and can be marked by the morpheme kali, sunggoh or betol, all of which in this context means 'so', ‘very’ or ‘extremely'.[44] These comparative structures can be expressed through either bound or free morphemes.

Examples of positive adjectives are shown below:

  • kabar mendai 'good news'
  • tidor lelap 'deep sleep'

Examples of comparative adjectives are shown below:

  • sepokak 'as deaf as'
  • meriahan 'more crowded'

Examples of superlative adjectives are shown below:

  • sial betol 'very unfortunate'
  • lambat kali 'so slow'

Numerals

Numerals in Serdang Malay have several characteristics. They can be followed by nouns and can undergo reduplication to indicate grouped quantities.[45] There are three types of numerals in Serdang Malay: definite numerals, which express specific quantities; indefinite numerals, which indicate an unspecified amount; and ordinal numerals, which denote ranking or order.[45]

Examples of definite numerals are shown below:

  • satu 'one'
  • lime 'five'
  • sepuloh 'ten'
  • tige puloh 'thirty'

Examples of indefi

  • banyak 'many'
  • sikit 'few'
  • semue 'all'

Examples of ordinal numerals are shown below:

  • kedue 'second'
  • kelime 'fifth'
  • kesebelas 'eleventh'

Particles

Particles in Serdang Malay have distinct characteristics: they cannot take affixes, they can be followed by nouns, verbs, adjectives, or numerals, and they can be preceded by nouns or verbs.[46] Particles can be classified into several types: those that can be followed by nouns, those that can be followed by verbs or adjectives, those that can only be preceded by adjectives, those that can be followed by numerals and adjectives, those that can be followed by both nouns and verbs, and those that function as connectors between words, between words and phrases, or between phrases.[47]

Examples of particles that can be followed by nouns are shown below:

  • di pekan 'at the market'
  • ke kebun 'to the field'
  • dari laot 'from the sea'

Examples of particles that can be followed by verbs or adjectives are shown below:

  • belom balek 'have not go home'
  • tengah tidor 'is sleeping'
  • endah masok 'wants to enter'

Examples of particles that can only be preceded by adjectives are shown below:

  • lagak kali 'so pretty'
  • malas betol 'so lazy'
  • besar sunggoh 'so big'

Examples of particles that can be followed by numerals and adjective are shown below:

  • amper putus 'almost disconnected'
  • kurang satu 'short by one'
  • lebeh tige 'an excess of three'

Examples of particles that can be followed by both nouns and verbs are shown below:

  • ia pe 'he too'
  • raje pe 'the king too'
  • makan pe belom 'have not eaten too'

Examples of particles that function as connectors between words, between words and phrases, or between phrases are shown below:

  • lenjar tide datang ie 'and then he did not come'
  • raje seberang tekene lenjar tekapar 'the king on the other side was struck until he collapsed'
  • emak dan abah 'mom and dad'

Vocabulary

Like other varieties of Eastern Sumatran Malay, Serdang Malay features a wealth of unique lexicons not found in Indonesian or other Malay varieties. As with many Malay dialects, it has absorbed numerous loanwords from foreign languages, particularly Arabic, due to the influence of Islam in both the Serdang region and the wider area. An example of this is abah 'father', which is borrowed from the Arabic abā (أَبَاً). Additionally, Serdang Malay has incorporated loanwords from Indonesian. As Indonesian holds the status of the national language and serves as the lingua franca in schools, many traditional Serdang Malay words have gradually been replaced by their Indonesian counterparts, leading to the decline in usage of many Serdang Malay terms.[15]

Below are examples of commonly used Serdang Malay vocabularies along with their Indonesian and English translations:

Numerals

Number Serdang Malay Indonesian English
1 satu satu one
2 due dua two
3 tige tiga three
4 mpat empat four
5 lime lima five
6 enam enam six
7 tujoh, tujuh tujuh seven
8 lapan delapan eight
9 sembilan sembilan nine
10 sepuloh sepuluh ten
11 sebelas sebelas eleven
20 due puloh dua puluh twenty
50 lime puloh lima puluh fifty
100 seratus seratus one hundred
500 lima ratus lima ratus five hundred
1000 seribu seribu one thousand
5000 lime ribu lima ribu five thousand
100,000 seratus ribu seratus ribu one hundred thousand
1,000,000 sejute, satu jute sejuta, satu juta one million

Directions

Serdang Malay Indonesian English
nen, ne, yen ini this
nun, yun, nyan itu that
sini sini here
sian situ there (close)
sana sana there (far)
disini, tan sini disini over here
disian, tan sian disitu over there (close)
disana, tan sana disana over there (far)
kiri kiri left
kanan kanan right
atas atas up
bawah bawah down
utare utara north
selatan selatan south
timor timur east
barat barat west

Personal Pronouns

Serdang Malay Indonesian English
awak, ambe aku, saya I, me
kau, kalian, kelen kamu, engkau you (informal)
die, ie dia he/she
kami kami we (exclusive)
kite kita we (inclusive)
mereke mereka they/them

Interrogatives Pronouns

Serdang Malay Indonesian English
sape siapa who
maye apa what
nape kenapa, mengapa why
mane mana, dimana where
bile kapan when
maye gimana, bagaimana how
berape berapa how much
bile, menakale bila, apabila, kalau if

Nouns

Serdang Malay Indonesian English
aer air water
pokok pohon tree
sungai, sei sungai river
laot laut sea
pantai pantai beach
lumpor, lumpur lumpur mud
laki-laki pria, laki-laki man
empuan wanita, perempuan woman
tanak tanah land, ground, soil
gunong, gunung gunung mountain
paser, pasir pasir sand
mateari matahari sun
jalan jalan road
kude kuda horse
anjing anjing dog
budak anak child, kid
pekan pasar market
daon daun leaf
kulit kulit skin
ekor ekor tail
telinge telinga ear
kepale kepala head
leher leher neck
ati hati heart
mulut mulut mouth
hidung hidung nose
tingkap jendela window
pintu pintu door
tilam, katel, bale-bale kasur bed

Verbs

Serdang Malay Indonesian English
makan makan eat
minom minum drink
lari lari run
bicara, bual bicara to talk
basoh, nyesah basuh, cuci wash
masok masuk to enter
tegak berdiri to stand
naler mengalir to flow
terbang terbang to fly
keleh lihat, tengok see
dengar dengar listen
bayar bayar pay
bemain bermain to play
ambek ambil take
beli beli buy
jual jual sell
balek balik to go back
tidor tidur to sleep
pegi pergi to go
kasih beri, kasih to give
buni sembunyi to hide
endak mau to want

Adjectives

Serdang Malay Indonesian English
misken miskin poor
kaye kaya rich
mendai bagus, baik good
burok buruk bad
lebar lebar wide
sempit sempit narrow
lagak, mendai cantik pretty
sedih sedih sad
besar besar, gede big, large
kecik kecil small
angat panas hot
sejok dingin, sejuk cold
paet, pait pahit bitter
manis manis sweet
asin asin salty
gelap gelap dark
berat berat heavy
kering kering dry
lame lama long (time), old
baru baru new
layuh lemah weak
kuat kuat strong
sakit sakit sick
berseh bersih clean
kotor kotor dirty
muak bosan, muak bored
banyak banyak many
sikit sedikit little

Writing system

Like many other Malay varieties, Serdang Malay was historically written in Jawi script, also known as Arab-Melayu, a modified form of the Arabic script. Jawi served as the royal script of the Sultanate of Serdang and was used in official contexts, such as correspondence with other Malay kingdoms.[48] Jawi was also widely used in Serdang's cultural sphere, including inscriptions and traditional Serdang Malay ceremonies.[49][50] The use of Jawi script declined significantly during the Dutch colonial era with the introduction of the Latin script. This trend continued after Indonesia's independence, as standard Indonesian, written in the Latin script, became the official medium of instruction in schools. Today, the use of Jawi in Serdang is very limited in daily life and is mostly confined to cultural and religious purposes.[citation needed]

See also

References

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Bibliography

Allikas: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serdang_Malay
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