Fumarprotocetraric acid is a chemical compound with the chemical formula C22H16O12. It is a secondary metabolite produced by a variety of lichens.
Occurrence
Fumarprotocetraric acid is mainly known for its occurrence in Iceland moss (Cetraria islandica), where it is present in a mass fraction of 1–2% (dried thallus).[2]
In addition, fumarprotocetraric acid has been detected in many other lichens, including:
- Callopisma teicholytum [Ach.][3]
- Cetraria fahluensis [L.][3][4]
- Cetraria islandica [L.][3][4]
- Cladina rangiferina [L.][3][4]
- Cladina silvatica [L.][3][4]
- Cladonia chlorophaea [Flörke][3][4]
- Cladonia fimbriata [L.] var. apolepta [Ach.] f. coniocraea [Flörke][4]
- Cladonia fimbriata [L.] var. cornuto-radiata [Coem.][3][4]
- Cladonia fimbriata [L.] var. simplex [Weis] f. major [Hag.][3][4]
- Cladonia fimbriata [L.] var. simplex [Weis] f. minor [Hag.][3][4]
- Cladonia foliacea [Huds.] var. alcicornis [Lightf.][4]
- Cladonia foliacea [Huds.] var. convoluta [Lam.][4]
- Cladonia furcata [Huds.] var. pinnata [Flörke][4]
- Cladonia furcata [Huds.] var. racemosa [Hoffm.][4]
- Cladonia gracilis [L.] var. chordalis [Flörke][3][4]
- Cladonia gracilis [L.] var. elongata [Jacq.][4]
- Cladonia pityrea [Flörke] var. cladomorpha [Flörke][3][4]
- Cladonia pityrea [Flörke] var. Zwackhii [Wainio][4]
- Cladonia pyxidata [L.] var. cereina [Arnold][4]
- Cladonia pyxidata [L.] var. neglecta [Flörke][4]
- Cladonia subcervicornis [Wainio][3][4]
- Cladonia verticillata [Hoffm.] var. cervicornis [Ach.] f. phyllophora [(Flörke) Sandstede][4]
- Cladonia verticillata [Hoffm.] var. evoluta [Wainio][4]
- Dendrographa leucophaea [Tuck.][3][4]
- Parmelia stygia [(L.) Ach.][1]
Pharmacology research
Fumarprotocetraric acid has antibacterial activity.[1] It also induces an immunostimulating effect in vitro by triggering the formation of hydrogen peroxide.[1] Furthermore, cytotoxicity against two cancer cell lines has been demonstrated.[1]
References
- ^ a b c d e Entry on Fumarprotocetrarsäure. at: Römpp Online. Georg Thieme Verlag, retrieved January 5, 2025.
- ^ Egon Stahl, Werner Schild (1986). Isolierung und Charakterisierung von Naturstoffen (1st ed.). Stuttgart/New York: Gustav Fischer Verlag. p. 92.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Wilhelm Zopf (1907). Die Flechtenstoffe in chemischer, botanischer, pharmakologischer und technischer Beziehung (1st ed.). Gustav Fischer Verlag. pp. 172–176.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Emil Abderhalden, ed. (1912), Biochemisches Handlexikon. Gerbstoffe, Flechtenstoffe, Saponine, Bitterstoffe, Terpene, Ätherische Öle, Harze, Kautschuk (1. Auflage ed.), Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Verlag, pp. 74 f
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