The Egyptian hieroglyph 𓄤 serves as a phonogram representing the triliteral consonant sequence nfr, and appears in Gardiner's sign list as number F35.[2] It appears in the Egyptian word for "perfect, complete" (with the extended meanings of "good, pleasant, well, beautiful"),[3] which has a reconstructed pronunciation of [naːfir] according to Loprieno.[4] The hieroglyph has a conventional Egyptological vocalization of nefer.

Form and appearance

The triliteral Egyptian hieroglyph F35 ('nfr') has sometimes been explained as a representation of a lute; however, Egyptologists today no longer consider this hypothesis likely. Rather than a lute, the hieroglyph is actually a representation of the heart and trachea.[1] It originally may have been the esophagus and heart. The striations of the windpipe only appear in the hieroglyph following the Old Kingdom of Egypt. The lower part of the sign has always clearly been the heart, for the markings clearly follow the form of a sheep's heart.[5]

  • Name of Nefertiabet from the Stele of Nefertiabet-E 15591, 26th century BC, with nefer hieroglyph on right
    Name of Nefertiabet from the Stele of Nefertiabet-E 15591, 26th century BC, with nefer hieroglyph on right
  • Nefer amulet, 14th century BC
    Nefer amulet, 14th century BC
  • Ring, 14th century BC, with nefer hieroglyph on right
    Ring, 14th century BC, with nefer hieroglyph on right
  • Cartouche amulet, 11th-10th century BC, with nefer hieroglyph on the center left
    Cartouche amulet, 11th-10th century BC, with nefer hieroglyph on the center left
  • Inscription of Shoshenq I at Karnak, 10th century BC, with nefer hieroglyph on the center left
    Inscription of Shoshenq I at Karnak, 10th century BC, with nefer hieroglyph on the center left
  • Hieratic form of nefer hieroglyph from 10th-11th dynasties
    Hieratic form of nefer hieroglyph from 10th-11th dynasties
  • Demotic form of the nefer hieroglyph
    Demotic form of the nefer hieroglyph

Use

The use of the hieroglyph nfr in the word for "good, beautiful" is attested in Old Egyptian in the Pyramid Text of Unas, where it could appear alone to represent the word, or with phonetic complements 𓂋 or 𓆑𓂋.[6]

With this meaning, it was incorporated into many names in Ancient Egypt. Examples include Nefertiti, Nefertari, and Neferhotep.

Some scholars suggest that it was used in ancient Egyptian construction where nfrw was used to denote 'level zero' of a building and in accounting where nfr would refer to a zero balance.[7] This last usage used the hieroglyph 𓄤 alone as an abbreviation for nfrw "depletion".[8]

The hieroglyph was also used in a particle nfr meaning "not at all, not even" infrequently in Middle Egyptian.[9]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Erman, Adolf, and Hermann Grapow, eds. 1926–1953. Wörterbuch der aegyptischen Sprache im Auftrage der deutschen Akademien. 6 vols. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs'schen Buchhandlungen. (Reprinted Berlin: Akademie-Verlag GmbH, 1971).
  2. ^ Allen, James P. (2014). Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of the Hieroglyphs (Third ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 34, 478.
  3. ^ Allen 2014, p. 522.
  4. ^ Loprieno, Antonio (1995). Ancient Egyptian: A linguistic introduction. Cambridge University Press. p. 87.
  5. ^ "Ancient Egypt: the Mythology - Nefer (Beauty)". www.egyptianmyths.net.
  6. ^ Allen, James P. (2017). A Grammar of the Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts: Volume 1: Unis. Eisenbrauns. p. 241.
  7. ^ Lumpkin, Beatrice (1 March 2002). "Mathematics Used in Egyptian Construction and Bookkeeping". Mathematical Intelligencer. 24 (2): 20–23. doi:10.1007/BF03024613. S2CID 120648746.
  8. ^ Allen 2014, p. 124.
  9. ^ Allen 2014, p. 216.
Allikas: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefer
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