Calendar year
May 11 : British Prime Minister Spencer Perceval is assassinated.September 15 : Moscow's Military Governor Rostopchin orders the Russian capital to be evacuated and burned down in advance of Napoleon's invasion.March 16 – April 6 : Siege of Badajoz 1812 (MDCCCXII ) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar , the 1812th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini 2nd millennium , the 12th year of the 19th century , and the 3rd year of the 1810s decade. As of the start of 1812, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Calendar year
Events
The original Gerrymander
July 12 – Americans invade Canada at Windsor, Ontario .July 18 – Russia's Patriotic War – Battle of Klyastitsy : Kulnev defeats Oudinot , but sustains a mortal wound.July 19 – Beethoven and Goethe meet each other in Teplice , Bohemia .July 22 – Peninsular War – Battle of Salamanca : British forces led by the Earl of Wellington defeat French troops near Salamanca , Spain.August 5 – War of 1812 : Tecumseh 's Indian force ambushes Thomas Van Horne 's 200 Americans at Brownstone Creek, causing them to flee and retreat.August 12 – Peninsular War : The combined English and Portuguese army under the command of Wellington enters Madrid , following the Battle of Salamanca .August 15 – War of 1812 – Battle of Fort Dearborn : Potawatomi warriors overrun the United States fort in Illinois Territory .August 16 – War of 1812 : American General William Hull surrenders Fort Detroit , without a fight, to the British Army.August 19 – War of 1812 : USS Constitution defeats the British frigate Guerriere Nova Scotia . The British shot is said to have bounced off Constitution ' s sides, earning her the nickname "Old Ironsides".[ 15] September 7 – Napoleonic Wars – French invasion of Russia – Battle of Borodino : The bloodiest battle of the Napoleonic Wars so far ends in a tactical victory for Napoleon. There are at least 70,000 casualties, with a minimum of 6,562 dead from the French Grande Armée alone.[ 16] September 14 – French invasion of Russia and Fire of Moscow : Napoleon 's troops enter Moscow, which is deliberately set on fire by Muscovites, on orders of Fyodor Rostopchin . Later accounts report that France lost 40,000 troops during four days of fire between September 17 and 20, and that 20,000 Russian soldiers were killed in what would be described in 1876 as "the greatest example in history of national self-sacrifice for the destruction of an invader."[ 17]
October 9 – War of 1812 : American naval forces under Lieutenant Jesse Duncan Elliott capture two British warships, HMS Detroit and HMS Caledonia .October 12 – The capital of the U.S. state of Pennsylvania is permanently moved from Lancaster to Harrisburg .[ 18] [ 19] October 13 – War of 1812 – Battle of Queenston Heights : As part of the Niagara campaign in Ontario , Canada, United States forces under General Stephen Van Rensselaer are repulsed from invading Canada by British and native troops, led by Sir Isaac Brock (who dies during the battle).October 18 –20 – Second Battle of Polotsk – Russians attack and defeat a Franco-Bavarian force in Belarus .October 19 – Napoleon begins his retreat from Moscow.October 23 – Malet coup of 1812 : General Claude François de Malet attempts unsuccessfully to overthrow the Napoleonic régime in Paris.October 24 – Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Maloyaroslavets : An inconclusive encounter between the French vanguard and a Russian force leads Napoleon to decide to retreat along the same line as his advance, with disastrous results.November 3 – Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Vyazma : The rearguard of Napoleon's retreating army is defeated.November 5 – 1812 United States presidential election : James Madison defeats DeWitt Clinton .November 10 – 1812 United Kingdom general election : The Tory Party is victorious, under Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool .November 15 –18 – Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Krasnoi : Napoleon's retreating army is again defeated in a series of skirmishes.December 8 – The M6.9–7.5 San Juan Capistrano earthquake affects Alta California with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII (Very strong ) to IX (Violent ), killing 40 parishioners at Mission San Juan Capistrano .December 14 – The French invasion of Russia comes to an end as the remnants of the Grande Armée are expelled from Russia.December 18 – The first Spanish Christmas Lottery is drawn, in Cádiz ; it will be continuing more than two centuries later. The first Lotería Nacional was drawn on March 4.[ 20] December 20 – The first volume of Grimms' Fairy Tales December 29 – War of 1812 : USS Constitution defeats the British frigate HMS Java , off the coast of Brazil .December 30 – The Convention of Tauroggen is signed.
Date unknown
Births
Charles Dickens Henry Wilson Fernando Wood Louisa Hamilton, Duchess of Abercorn January 6 – Melchora Aquino , Filipino revolutionary hero (d. 1919 )January 13 – Victor de Laprade , French poet, critic (d. 1883 )February 3 – William Fraser Tolmie , Scottish-Canadian scientist, politician (d. 1886 )February 7 – Charles Dickens , English novelist (d. 1870 )[ 21] February 11 – Alexander Hamilton Stephens , Vice President of the Confederate States of America (d. 1883 )February 15 – Charles Lewis Tiffany , American jeweler, co-founder of Tiffany & Co. (d. 1902 )[ 22] February 18 – Nils Johan Berlin , Swedish chemist, professor (d. 1891 )February 29 – Sir James Milne Wilson , Premier of Tasmania (d. 1880 )March 1
March 6 – Aaron Lufkin Dennison , American watch manufacturer (d. 1895 )March 22 – Stephen Pearl Andrews , American anarchist, abolitionist (d. 1886 )April 14 – George Grey , Portuguese-born British colonial governor, 11th Premier of New Zealand (d. 1898 )April 20 – Pauline Åhman , Swedish harpist (d. 1904 )April 22 – Solomon Caesar Malan , Genevan orientalist (d. 1894 )April 23 – Frederick Whitaker , English-New Zealand lawyer, politician, 5th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1891 )April 27
April 29 – Emilie Högquist , Swedish dramatic star (d. 1846 )May 6 – Madame Restell , American abortion provider (d. 1878 )May 7 – Robert Browning , English poet (d. 1889 )[ 24] May 12 – Edward Lear , English artist, nonsense poet (d. 1888 )[ 25] May 27 – George K. Teulon , English-Texian journalist and freemason (d. 1846)[ 26] June 9 – Johann Gottfried Galle , German astronomer (d. 1910 )June 13 – Gustavus H. Scott , American admiral (d. 1882 )June 14 – Fernando Wood , American politician (d. 1881 )July 2 – Nathaniel de Rothschild , French wine grower (d. 1870 )July 8 – Louisa Hamilton, Duchess of Abercorn (b. 1905 )August 8 – John Rodgers , American admiral (d. 1882 )August 25
August 27 – Bertalan Szemere , 3rd Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1869 )September 2 – William Fox , 2nd Premier of New Zealand (d. 1893 )September 18 – Herschel Vespasian Johnson , American politician (d. 1880 )October 12 – Ascanio Sobrero , Italian chemist (d. 1888 )October 20 – Austin Flint I , American cardiologist (d. 1886 )November 14 – Aleardo Aleardi , Italian poet (d. 1878 )November 19 – Edmond Jurien de La Gravière , French admiral, naval historian, and biographer (d. 1892 )December 6 – Ana María Martínez de Nisser , Colombian heroine and writer (d. 1872 )December 8 – Henry Varnum Poor , American financial analyst (d. 1905 )December 14 – Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning , British Viceroy of India (d. 1862 )December 17 – Vilhelm Petersen , Danish painter (d. 1880 )December 24 – Karl Eduard Zachariae von Lingenthal , German jurist (d. 1894 )
Deaths
Spencer Perceval Mayer Amschel Rothschild January 23 – Robert Craufurd , British general (mortally wounded in battle) (b. 1764 )February 2 – Isaac Titsingh , Dutch scholar, merchant-trader and ambassador (b. 1745 )March 7 – Isaac Swainson , English botanist (b. 1746 )March 11 – Philip James de Loutherbourg , English artist (b. 1740 )April 14 – William Nicholas (officer) , English army officer, at the Siege of Badajoz (b. 1785 )April 15 – Michael Atkins , Irish actor and theatre manager (b. 1746 )April 20 – George Clinton , 4th Vice President of the United States (b. 1739 )April 25 – Edmond Malone , Irish scholar (b. 1741 )May 11 – Spencer Perceval , Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (assassinated ) (b. 1762 )May 12
May 18 – John Bellingham , British assassin of Spencer Perceval (b. 1769 )May 27 – Manuela Gandarillas , Bolivian freedom fighter (born c. 1740s)[ 27] July 4 – Victurnien-Jean-Baptiste de Rochechouart de Mortemart , French general and politician (b. 1752 )August 1 – Yakov Kulnev , Russian military leader (b. 1763 ).August 12 – Anna Strong , Patriot spy during the American Revolutionary War (b. 1740 )August 30 – George Mathews , American army officer and politician (b. 1739 )September 13 – Leonardo Bravo , Mexican general who fought in the Mexican War of Independence , father of Nicolas Bravo , executed (b. 1764 )[ 28] September 19
September 21 – Emanuel Schikaneder , German dramatist, actor and singer (b. 1751 )September 24
October 13 – Isaac Brock , British general (killed in action) (b. 1769 )December 15 – Schneur Zalman , Polish rabbi and founder of the Chabad-Lubavitch movement (b. 1745 )December 20 – Sacagawea , Shoshone guide (b. ca. 1788 )December 24 – George Beck , American artist and poet (b. 1749 )
References
^ "ÖNB-ALEX - Justizgesetzsammlung" . alex.onb.ac.at . Retrieved 2024-03-13 .^ lipscombe (2019). "The Sieges of Ciudad Rodrigo 1810 & 1812" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2021 . ^ The Enigma of the New Madrid Earthquakes of 1811–1812 . Johnston, A. C. & Schweig, E. S. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Volume 24, 1996, pp. 339–384. Available on SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)^ Denis Février. "Un historique du mètre" (in French). Ministère de l'Economie, des Finances et de l'Industrie. Retrieved 2011-03-10 . ^ John J. Johnson (September 1944). "Early Relations of the United States with Chile". The Pacific Historical Review (JSTOR). 13 (3): 266. doi :10.2307/3635952 . JSTOR 3635952 . ^ "Frame Work Bill. (Hansard, 27 February 1812)" . Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Archived from the original on 14 May 2023. Retrieved 23 June 2023 .^ a b Koch, Hannsjoachim W. (2014) [1978]. A History of Prussia . Oxford: Routledge. pp. 193– 194. ^ Fletcher, Ian (2001). In Hell before Daylight: The Siege and Storming of the Castle of Badajoz, March–April 1812 . Spellmount Ltd. ISBN 1-873376-26-X . ^ Thiessen, Heather. "Spain: Constitution of 1812." Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture , vol. 5, p. 165. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
^ Griffith, Elmer (1907). The Rise and Development of the Gerrymander 72– 73. OCLC 45790508 . ^ "Nacimiento de una nación; Terremoto de 1812" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on August 20, 2006.^ "Helsinki 200: 8 April 1812 Emperor Alexander I promotes Helsinki to the capital of the Grand Duchy" . Archived from the original on August 10, 2017. Retrieved August 1, 2017 .^ Treherne, Philip (1909). The Right Honourable Spencer Perceval 193– 194. OCLC 5825009 . Archived from the original on 2016-04-08. ^ Lieven, D. C. B. (2010). Russia against Napoleon ISBN 9780670021574 . Retrieved 15 April 2021 . ^ Toll, Ian W. (2006). Six Frigates: The Epic History of the Founding of the U.S. Navy ISBN 978-0-393-05847-5 . OCLC 70291925 . ^ Kuehn, John T. (26 October 2008). "The Battle of Borodino: Napoleon Against Kutuzov (review)" . The Journal of Military History . 72 (4): 1295– 1296. doi :10.1353/jmh.0.0141 . ISSN 1543-7795 . S2CID 161057504 . Retrieved 5 September 2020 . ^ "Fires, Great", in The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance , Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876) p. 67
^ I. Daniel Rupp, History of Lancaster County: To which is Prefixed a Brief Sketch of the Early History of Pennsylvania
^ (Gilbert Hillis, 1844; reprinted by Heritage Books, 1990) p. 434
^ "History" . Loterías y Apuestas del Estado . Retrieved 2024-12-11 .^ Norman Page (1999). Charles Dickens: Family History ISBN 978-0-415-22233-4 . ^ The Ministers Manual: A Study and Pulpit Guide ^ The New Kobbé's Opera Book . Ebury Press. 1997. p. 231. ISBN 9780091814106 .^ John Bryson (1967). Robert Browning ISBN 978-0-582-01106-9 . ^ John Lehmann (1977). Edward Lear and his World ^ Bannerman, W. Bruce, ed. (1908). Miscellanea Genealogica et Heraldica ^ Américas ^ "Biografía de Leonardo Bravo" (in Spanish). Mexico Lindo y Querido. April 25, 2017. Retrieved May 31, 2019 .
Further reading
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